Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants (1998) / Chapter Skim
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Effect Severity
Effect Severity
Pages 37-44
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From page 37... ...
In the second section of this chapter, the subcommittee evaluates the T~ATRA mode} severity categories in light of those precedents. The last section provides the subcomm~ttee's conclusions and recommendations on how severity categories can be used and how to define mild, moderate, and severe effects.
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From page 38... ...
Figure 4-1 illustrates the two types of dose-response curves and shows how more- and less-sensitive individuals are depicted in each type. To incorporate severity into an incidence dose-response curve, health effects would need to be categorized into discrete categories so that an individual could be classified as either showing that severity of effect or not.
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From page 39... ...
. The proportion of Me population responding would be reflected In the variance of the response around the mean response predicted by the regression line.
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From page 40... ...
For instance, the Clean Air Act of 1970, Section lO8A, uses the term"adverse health effect" when referring to the consequences of air-pollution exposure without defining the term "adverse." To clarify this issue, EPA proposed that eye, nose, and throat irritation associated with urban smog or photochenucal oxidant exposure are not medically important and, ~us, should not be considered an adverse heath effect (see ATS 1985~. EPA developed a spectrum of biological responses ranging from Me trivial to the fatal as follows: pollutant burdens, physiological changes of uncertain significance, pathophysiological changes, morbidity, and, flunky, mortality.
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From page 41... ...
are identified with specific severity categories. To link specific health effects with specific severity categories, the Air Force made value judgments to determine the relative significance of various health effects, but the rationale for those judgments has not been documented.
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From page 42... ...
The subcommittee has chosen not to use that descriptor because its meaning is based on the more-fundamental effect characteristics listed above. The subcommittee recommends the following broad definitions for severity of effect for use by the Air Force.
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From page 43... ...
Persons experiencing moderate effects m~ghtseekmedical attention. Severe effects are irreversible effects that alter organ function or interfere with normal activities.
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From page 44... ...
44 ROCKET-EMISSION TOXICANTS TABLE 4-1 Classification of Potential Signs, Symptoms, and Effects of Human Exposure to Rocket-Emission Toxicants Outcome Mild Moderate Severe Perception of odor or taste ./ Headache Nonrecurring Increased Incapacitating frequency Discomfort Burning sensation Eye irritation Tearing (by itself) Corneal opacity Nasal irritation Sneezing Nasal catarrh Rhinorrhea Miosis Cough Burning throat Spasm of larynx Tightness in chest Increased airway resistance Increased airway responsiveness Increased sputum production Wheezing, in absence of cold Bronchospasm Sloughing of airway lining Rhonchi Bronchiolitis Focal pneumonia Diffuse pneumonia Chemical pneumonitis Chest pain Shortness of breath Difficulty breathing Increase in methemoglobin ~ Increase in blood pressure ./ Increase in blood glutathione levels ./ Decrease in CO diffusion capacity ./ Decrease in lung compliance ./ Decrease in earlobe blood PO2 '/ Decrease in alveolar O2 partial pressure Pulmonary edema Asthma attack ./ Disorientation Exacerbation of chronic cardiopulmonary disease Discomfort Burning sensation Infrequent Frequent Incapacitating
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