Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants (1998) / Chapter Skim
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Executive Summary
Executive Summary
Pages 1-9
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that relate the estimated exposure concentrations to expected health effects. In 1995, the Air Force Air Space Command asked the National Research Council (NRC)
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and other published exposure concen"rations estimated to be safe for exposures of the general public. In establishing the 1% effect levels for normal populations, the Air Force considered exposure concentrations independently estimated to be safe for workers.
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TOXICOLOGICAL DATA BASE The toxicity data available for HCI, NO2, and HNO3 are sufficient to identify no-observed-effect levels (NOELs) for humans and to indicate varying differences in sensitivity at low exposure concentrations between individuals with asthma and healthy individuals.
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The LATRA model includes separate ERFs for sensitive and normal populations. The subcommittee endorses explicit consideration of potentially sensitive subgroups; however, as mentioned above, it found the toxicity data available for the rocket-emission toxicants inadequate to define separate ERFs for the two subgroups.
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In the interim, the subcommittee instead recommends that the hazard-quotient approach be used to characterize risks for sensitive and normal populations, as described below. However, if the Air Force wants to pursue the LATRA-ERF model, there are ways to improve components of the model, as described below.
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To the extent possible, the Air Force should use end-point-specific incidence data to develop end-point-specific El;LFs. However, with the exception of mortality and a few other end points, incidence data for HCI, NO2, and HNO3 are not available.
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The subcommittee recommends that the Air Force generate appropriate toxicity data to calibrate and validate the proposed model. The investments in appropriate testing procedures, at this time, wouIcI be worth the effort by improving the model's predictibility and reducing the uncerta~ntr.
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The subcommittee recommends that the Air Force evaluate potential health effects resulting from simultaneous exposure to more than one toxic rocket emission, assuming the potential for additive effects. That could be accomplished by using the hazard-index approach (i.e., adding the hazard quotients for individual chemicals)
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The subcommittee recommends that the Air Force consider including interspecies dos~metric correction factors when applicable. Instead of presenting one risk estimate for a launch that combines the risks of a normal launch and a catastrophic abort, the subcommittee believes that it would be more appropriate for the Air Force to present separate risks for normal and aborted launches or to provide separate conditional risks and combined risks.
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