A Strategy for Research in Space Biology and Medicine in the New Century (1998) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix B: Glossary
Appendix B: Glossary
Pages 253-265
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Advanced Life Support System: Current NASA program in bioregenerative and nonbiological life support systems; supersedes the CELSS program. Affect: Experience of emotion or feeling.
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From page 254... ...
Antigen: Substance recognized as foreign by the host immune system and that induces an immune response. Arabidopsis thaliana: Flowering plant of the mustard family used for genetic and developmental studies of plants because of its small size, short generation time, and ease of laboratory culture.
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Sufficient doses of radiation can kill cells in the body, and this cell death is responsible for most of the acute effects of radiation. Cell-mediated immunity: Specific immunity induced by previous exposure to an antigen or pathogen that can be protective to the host.
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Costamere: Protein complex consisting of cytoskeleton, transmembrane glycoproteins, and extracellular matrix that is at the level of Z bands involved in transferring tension from contractile elements to connective tissue and may serve as a mechanosensor for signal transduction. Cupula: Dome-like structure that is part of the sensory receptor apparatus of a semicircular canal.
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Equivalent dose: Absorbed dose averaged over an organ or tissue and weighted for the radiation quality and type of radiation involved. Ethylene: Gaseous hormone produced by plants that adversely affects plant growth.
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Fast-twitch fibers: Skeletal muscle fibers that contract rapidly and are maximally activated for each muscle fiber action potential. Fibroblast growth factor: Family of regulatory peptides that stimulate cell proliferation.
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Helper T cells: Lymphocytes responsible for assisting B cells in making specific antibodies and helping cytotoxic T cells to kill their targets. Hemopolesis: Generation of blood cells in the bone marrow.
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High-LET radiation is characterized by heavy charged particles such as alpha particles and heavy nuclei. Lymphocyte: Type of white blood cell responsible for immunological function.
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From page 261... ...
Molecular cascade: Group of proteins that act sequentially in the same process. Muscle spindle: Sensory receptor within a muscle that is sensitive to its length and rate of change in length; spindle sensitivity is controlled by gamma motoneurons of the spinal cord innervating striated muscle fibers.
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Proto-oncogene: Gene that codes for proteins involved in the signaling pathways stimulated by growth factor; when mutated, this gene causes cancer and is called an oncogene. Protoplasts: Plant cells from which the cell wall has been removed.
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Sled: Rail-mounted device for delivering controlled linear acceleration to a subject positioned on it. Slow-twitch fibers: Skeletal muscle fibers that contract slowly and are maximally activated for each muscle fiber action potential.
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Somites: Paired blocks of mesodermally derived cells organized segmentally along the developing spinal cord to generate bone (vertebrae) and skeletal muscle cells.
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From page 265... ...
Tropic response: Change in direction of growth by a plant organ in response to an environmental factor such as the direction of gravity. Tumor growth factor-,8: Regulatory peptide that stimulates bone formation when injected into bone.
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Key Terms
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