A Strategy for Research in Space Biology and Medicine in the New Century (1998) / Chapter Skim
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2 Cell Biology
2 Cell Biology
Pages 29-36
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From page 29... ...
This growth in understanding has derived from a number of major technical developments and powerful new approaches to the study of the eukaryotic cell, among them the following: · Molecular genetics and molecular biology, and their application to systems ranging from single cells to intact multicellular organisms.2 3 The introduction of new and improved techniques, including subtractive hybridization, differential display, and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) , have revolutionized the isolation and identification of both new genes and new members of known gene families.
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From page 30... ...
Growth factor biology, including the interactions of cells with extracellular matrix components, cell cycle regulation, and genetic mechanisms of programmed cell death, offer new insights into requirements for cell survival and differentiation. These advances allow researchers to study primary cultures of cells isolated directly from animal tissue, thereby alleviating the need to study transformed clonal cell lines.
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From page 31... ...
The ligandreceptor interactions activate multiple interactive signaling complexes and pathways of intracellular signal transduction, leading to signal amplification.23 Finally, these metabolic cascades bring about changes in gene expression that govern cell physiology and behavior. Specific points of inquiry include mechanisms of reception or detection and response to extracellular chemical signals, environmental stress, and mechanical forces (e.g., touch and stretch-sensitive ion channels, fluid flow-shear forces, muscle and bone loading and unloading)
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From page 32... ...
Examples have been proposed: Interaction of plasma membrane integrins with the extracellular matrix or substratum may transduce a reorganization of the intracellular cytoskeleton, with profound effects on cell behavior and gene expression;36 inherent amplification and adaptation (detection of relative changes, potentially over a wide range of input) of cellular biochemical networks are being analyzed in ever greater detail.37 Other hypotheses based on the nonlinearity of cellular molecular processes have suggested that single cells might amplify weak gravitational forces by
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From page 33... ...
Growing consideration should be given to studies on cells in situ, using steadily improving techniques for the analysis in intact tissues and organisms of cellular physiology from initial gene expression to cell architecture (e.g., in situ hybridization, single-cell PCR, confocal microscopy, patch-clamping, etc.) Finally, there have been difficulties in critically evaluating some studies in spaceflight that used cell culture techniques.
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From page 34... ...
The mechanisms by which cells perceive, respond, and adapt to various kinds of environmental stress are a major research emphasis in cell biology and are relevant to understanding the mechanisms of response to the space environment.39 40 Recommendation Studies of cellular responses to environmental stresses encountered in spaceflight (e.g., anoxia, temperature shock, vibration) should include investigation of the nature of cellular receptors, signal transduction pathways, changes in gene expression, and identification and structure and function analysis of stress proteins that mediate the response.
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From page 35... ...
1996. A model for central synaptic junctional complex formation based on the differential adhesive specificities of the cadherins.
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From page 36... ...
1996. Green fluorescent protein and its derivative as versatile markers for gene expression in living Drosophila melanogaster, plant and mamma lian cells.
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