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From page 269... ... , 10, 12-13, 19, 37-49, 132-133, 182 breathing rate, 27, 83, 84, 103, 128, 261 concentrations, 2, 3, 10-11, 12, 15, 16, 19, 21, 26-26, 29, 31, 32-48, 91, 101, 103, 124, 145, 148-151, 154-157, 182, 184, 186-188, 199, 261, 262 see also Alternative maximum con taminant level; Maximum contami nant level dosimetry, general, 27-28, 15, 82-104, 105, 107 mitigation, 15, 19, 21-22, 31, 144-160, 162-165, 182-188, 195 multimedia programs, 5, 21-22, 182-188, 196 regional concentrations, 9, 12, 21, 32-33, 44-45, 49, 132, 168, 185, 199 regulatory problems, 10- 11 Read the entire page →
From page 270... ... , 196, 223 Angiogenesis, 119, 223 Ambient radon, 10, 12-13, 19, 37-49, 182 uncertainties, 132- 133 see also Airborne radon American Water Works Association, 56, 166 Apoptosis, 105, 106, 113, 115, 116-118, 121, 223 Apurinic site, 114 Atom bomb survivors, 28, 77-78, 80-81, 95, 131, 137 Attributable risk, 16, 100, 135, 223, 263 B Background exposure, 1, 8, 23, 37-49, 105 Backwashing, 165, 167, 169, 172, 175-176, 178, 223, 252 Basements, houses with, 1, 33, 141, 142, 145, 146, 147, 148-149, 152, 155, 156, 157 Bayesian models, 33 BEIR IV report, 17, 93, 95-96, 99, 103 BEIR VI report, 13, 15, 16, 17, 83, 93, 94, 95, 99-100, 103, 122, 131, 134-135 Best-available technology, 20 aeration, 161, 179 alternative maximum contaminant level, 181 blending, 177 granular activated carbon, 168, 174, 179, 263 national ambient average concentration, 13, 132-133 reverse osmosis, 177 Biologic processes, general, 13-14, 63-76, 131 see also Embryos; Carcinogenesis and carcinogens; Cells and cellular processes; Molecular processes Blending (water treatment) , 177, 179 INDEX Blood and blood vessels, 27, 63, 75, 81, 84, 107, 119-120, 136, 241 hematopoietic processes, 120, 225 PBPK models, 14, 31, 66-72, 76, 227, 233-240 Bone and skeletal system, 63, 78, 79, 80, 85, 239, 251 Breasts, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 100, 113, 118, 119 Breathing rate, 27, 83, 84, 103, 128, 261 Bronchi, dosimetry, 15, 82, 83, 91-92, 107108 Building materials, see Construction materials and practices C CARBDOSE, 171, 259 Carcinogens and carcinogenesis, 105-123 defined, 224 disinfection byproducts, 165-166, 254256 see also Cells and cellular processes; Genetics; Lungs and lung cancer; Molecular processes; Stomach; other specific cancers Caspases, 116-117, 224 Cells and cellular processes, 13-14, 28, 73, 84, 97, 105-123, 131, 224 apoptosis, 105, 106, 113, 115, 116-118, 121, 223 basal cells, 119 crypts, 107, 224, 241, 245, 248 cytokines, 108, 117, 224 doses and dosimetry, 105, 107-108, 109 110, 115-116, 120-123 endogenous, 109, 116, 120 hematopoietic, 120, 225 in vitro studies, 64, 110, 121 in viva studies, 121 mitochondria, 109, 226 preneoplastic, 120, 228 proliferation, 107, 118, 119-120, 121, 122, 131, 228, 241 regulatory, 105, 113, 114, 115-116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 131 repair, 28, 93, 106, 107, 110-114, 115 116, 118, 199 secretory, 71-72, 105, 107, 119, 135, 241 signal transduction, 108, 111, 112, 113, 116, 117-118, 119, 229 Read the entire page →
From page 271... ... , 103, 107, 136, 137, 223, 245, 248, 258, 259 age factors, 78-79 airborne radiation, general, 27-28, 15, 82 104, 105, 107 bone, 63, 78, 79, 80, 85, 239, 251 breasts, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 100, 113, 118, 119 bronchi, 15, 82, 83, 91-92, 107-108 cellular processes, 105, 107-108, 109-110, 115-116, 120-123 Read the entire page →
From page 272... ... 181-182 ambient radon concentration, 48-49, 144, 145 disinfection, risk assessment, 254 dose, 68, 73-75, 98 exposure, 98, 126 granular activated carbon, 251-252, 258 259 ingestion risk, 14- 15, 68 linear no-threshold models, 13-14, 15, 28, 122, 226 PBPK model, 234-238 radon gas partitioning, 25 risk, 126, 260-263, 265 stomach wall, radon diffusion, 242-248 target region energy absorbed, 73-74 see also Transfer coefficients Errors of measurement, 52, 130, 132 transfer coefficients, 13, 52 see also Uncertainty Exposure, general action levels, 3, 172, 190 background exposure, 1, 8, 23, 37-49, 105 Read the entire page →
From page 273... ... INDEX duration of exposure, 93, 97-98, 124- 125, 135, 170-171, 254, 255, 261, 263 granular activated carbon controls, 168, 169-171, 178, 179, 257-259 national, 12-13, 32-36, 40-44, 182 occupational, 63-64, 82, 93, 100, 108; see also Miner studies pathways, 25-26 regional, 9, 12, 21, 32-37, 44-45, 49, 132, 168, 185, 199 site studies, 38, 39, 46-48, 51-53 time since exposure, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99 water use, general, 56, 84 uncertainty, 18-19, 51, 124-125, 129-130 see also Alternative maximum contaminant level; Dose and dosimetry; Maximum contaminant level; Weather Exposure-age-concentration, 135 Exposure-age-duration, 98, 135 Extended source models, 20, 169, 170, 171, 179, 257, 259 F Fans, 25, 91, 142, 146, 147, 152, 158, 160, 184 Federal government, see Funding; Legislation; specific departments and agencies Filter systems, mitigation, 150, 158, 167, 177 sampling, 46, 47, 82, 196 Formulas, see Equations Funding, 2, 4, 9-10 see also Cost and cost-benefit factors Fusion genes, 120, 225 G Gallbladder cancer, 102 Gamma radiation, 28, 257-259 atomic bomb survivors, 28, 77-78, 80-81, 95, 131, 137 defined, 225 granular activated carbon controls, 168, 169-171, 178, 179, 183, 257-259 Gastrointestinal tract, 14, 66, 68-69, 81 dosimetry, 62-63, 64, 233-237 intestines, 27-28, 65, 67-68, 107, 136, 233-237 see also Stomach 273 Genetics, 12, 14-15, 105-123 oncogenes, 106, 118, 120, 225 proteins, 111-117 (passing, 224 regulatory genes, 105, 113, 114, 115-116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 131 see also Chromosomes; DNA; Reproductive effects; RNA; Teratogenic effects Gender factors, 61, 77 age- and gender-specific models, 14-15, 18, 76, 79, 80 lifetime risk, 77, 78, 79, 80 smokers, 103 stomach cancer, 102 tapwater intake, 61 uncertainties, 131 Genomic instability, 106, 109, 115, 120, 121 Geological Survey, 32-33 Granular activated carbon, 20, 149, 164, 168176, 178, 179, 183, 225, 251-253, 257-259 Groundwater, 2, 11, 36-37, 84, 132, 165, 169, 179, 195 see also Wells Groundwater Disinfection Rule, 165 H Health Risks of Radon and Other Internally Deposited Alpha-Emitters, 95 Heat-recovery ventilation, 149, 151, 158 Helicobacter pylori, 81, 107 Hematopoietic processes, 120, 225 Heterotrophic plate counts, 165, 175, 226 Hollow-fiber membrane systems, 178, 253 Home exposure, see Indoor radiation exposure Home testing, 4, 5, 51, 53, 155-156, 158-159, 184, 194, 198 Hormesis, 109, 226 I Improving Risk Communication, 138, 189 Incentives, 21, 192-193 Individual lifetime risk, 17 Indoor Radon Abatement Act, 28, 41 Information dissemination, see Public education Inhaled radon, see Airborne radon; Bronch Lungs and lung cancer Read the entire page →
From page 274... ... 274 Ion exchange treatment, 167, 170, 175, 226 International Atomic Energy Agency, 126 International Commission on Radiological Protection and Measurements, 64, 73,74,78,95,226,239 Intestines, 27-28, 65, 67-68, 107, 136, 233 237 J Japan, atom bomb survivors, 28, 77-78, 80 81, 95, 131, 137 L Legislation Clean Air Act, 163 Indoor Radon Abatement Act, 28, 41 Low Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Policy Act, 173 Safe Drinking Water Act, 2, 3, 4, 9, 20, 29, 30, 160, 180, 189, 195 Water Pollution Control Act, 195-196 Leukemia, 78, 79, 80, 100 Lifetime risk, 16, 17-18, 77-81, 103, 104, 254 age factors, 77-78, 79, 93 BEIR IV model, 96 BEIR VI model, 15, 103 chronic intake, 80-81 EPA model, 14-15, 127, 162 gender factors, 77, 78, 79, 80 maximum contaminant level, 29 NCRP model, 93-94 Linear no-threshold model, 13 - 14, 15, 28, 122, 226 Liver, 17, 63, 64, 67, 68, 102, 235 Low Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Policy Act, 173 Lungs and cancer, 6, 8, 78, 105, 107, 119, 121, 122, 130 background radiation, 6 children, 100 dosimetry, 27-28, 63, 66, 67, 75, 76, 79, 83-84, 89-91, 100-102, 136, 150, 199, 235, 236, 239 drinking water, 9, 14 duration of exposure, 1 miner studies, see Miner studies mitigation, 166, 182, 183, 191, 192 mortality, 1, 3, 5-6, 16, 19, 100, 101 INDEX public education, 191, 193 risk assessments, 1, 3, 6, 15, 16, 17, 78, 79, 80, 82-83, 89-91, 93-104, 134, 166, 182, 183 smoking, 3, 5, 8, 15, 16, 98, 193 M Mathematical models, see Equations Maximum contaminant level, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 20-21, 29, 161, 162, 169, 176, 179, 180, 182-189 (passing, 196, 226 see also Alternative maximum contaminant level Measurement and measurement techniques EPA, 12-13, 33, 37, 41-44 heterotrophic plate counts, 165, 175, 226 home testing, 4, 5, 51, 53, 155-156, 158159, 184, 194, 198 national, 12-13, 32-36, 40-44 regional, 9, 12, 21, 32-37, 44-45 residential water use, 56 site studies, 38, 39, 46-48 state-level, 12-13, 36-37, 41-45 see also Dose and dosimetry; Equations; Error of measurement; Transfer coefficients; Uncertainty Meiosis, 110, 226 Men, see Gender factors Meta-analyses, 93, 99, 101, 226 Microsatellite repeats, 113, 226 MICRO-SHIELD, 258 Miner studies, 9, 15, 82-83, 93, 95-99, 100, 108, 131 meta-analyses, 93, 99, 101, 226 Mitigation measures, see Risk management Mitochondria, 109, 117, 226 Mitosis, 110, 111, 116, 227 proliferative cells, 107, 119-120, 228 Models, see Equations; Risk assessments Molecular processes, 105-123 dosimetry, 105, 111-112 uncertainty, 130- 132 see also Genetics; Proteins Monte Carlo calculations, 126-127, 130, 139, 227, 260, 263, 265 Mucus, see Secretory cells and processes Multicommunity mitigation, 188- 189, 194, 197 Read the entire page →
From page 275... ... , 149-151, 199 Passive stacks, 148, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 160 PBPK models, 14, 31, 66-72, 76, 233-240 defined, 227 Plug flow reactor, 227, 250 Point-of-entry treatment, 169-171, 195, 227, 249, 257-258 Poisson methods, 95 Pooled analyses, see Meta-analyses Population attributable risk, 100, 135 Potential alpha energy concentration, 26-27, 82, 83, 84, 88, 150 Poverty, 81 Presidential/Congressional Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management, 126 Pressure factors, 38-39, 143, 146, 152-153 active, subslab Repressurization, 146-148, 151-152, 153, 154, 157, 158, 223 passive stacks, 148, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 160 see also Advection Proteins, 111-117 (passim) caspases, 116-117, 224 Public education, 5, 21-22, 29, 137-139, 189193, 194, 196-197 Public involvement, see Incentives; Outreach Public water supplies, general, 3-4, 9, 20, 189 concentration levels, general, 8-9, 36, 37, 132 MCLs/AMCLs, 3-4, 20 mitigation, 4, 5, 20, 138, 189, 193-194 see also Water treatment R Radon and Lung Cancer Risk: A Joint Analysis of 11 Underground Miners Studies, 96 Regional factors concentration levels, 9, 12, 21, 32-37, 45, 49, 132, 168, 185, 199 multimedia programs, 4-5, 21, 49, 185 199 Read the entire page →
From page 276... ... , 137, 138, 140 excess relative risk, 96-97, 101 sensitivity analysis, 126-127, 130, 136 smoking, 2-3, 5-6, 8, 15, 16, 94, 95-96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 193 soil and rock process, general, 3, 11, 2930, 199 special populations, 81 stomach cancer, 6, 7, 15, 16, 72-73 water use and, general, 56, 84 see also Absolute risk; Attributable risk; Lifetime risk; Public education; Uncertainty Risk management (mitigation) , 4, 6, 11- 12, 19-22, 30, 31, 144-197 action levels, 3, 172, 190 active subslab Repressurization, 146-148, 151-152, 153, 154, 157, 158, 223 aeration, 19-20, 161-167, 176-177, 249 251 airborne radiation, 15, 0, 19, 21-22, 31, 144-160, 162-165, 182-188, 195 basements, 141, 142, 145, 146, 147, 148 149, 152, 155, 156, 157 concentration reduction, general, 144-145, 148-151 construction materials and practices, 151 157 costs, 9-10, 20-21, 22, 160, 167, 174-175, 183, 184, 187, 188, 192-193, 194, 197 disinfection and disinfection by-products, 11, 20, 165-166, 171-178, 179, 182, 195, 224, 254-256 trihalomethanes (THMs) Read the entire page →
From page 277... ... , 10, 20-21, 31, 180 188 (passim) , 196, 223 building codes, 33, 152-153, 157, 159-160 ICRP/NCRP, 64 maximum contaminant level, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 20-21, 29, 161, 162, 169, 176, 179, 180, 182-189 (passim) Read the entire page →
From page 278... ... , 165, 166, 179, 229, 254 U Ultraviolet disinfection, 182 Uncertainty, 16, 18-19, 21, 31, 124-140, 198, 260-267 alternative maximum contaminant level, 181-182 BEIR VI, 131, 134-135 confidants limits/intervals, 15, 49, 102, 129, 135, 137, 139 dosimetry, 127-129, 134, 260-267 (passim) EPA assessments, 127-129, 139, 140, 163, 260-267 exposure by geographic area, 33 factors affecting, general, 124-125, 126 mitigation measures, 126, 137 molecular biology, 130- 132 multimedia exposure, 129 Monte Carlo calculations, 126-127, 130, 139, 227, 260, 263, 265 sensitivity analysis and, 126-127, 130, 136 stomach cancer, 128-129, 135-136, 137, 140 transfer coefficients, 51, 52, 126, 133 134, 182, 261 variability vs. Read the entire page →
From page 279... ... , 164, 165, 174, 229, 251 W Water Pollution Control Act, 195-196 Water treatment, 19-20, 23, 165, 182, 183 aeration, 19-20, 161-167, 176-177, 249251 backwashing, 165, 167, 169, 172, 175176, 178, 223, 252 blending, 177, 179 countercurrent flow, 65, 224, 249, 250 disinfection and disinfection by-products, 11, 20, 165-166, 171-178, 179, 182, 195, 224, 254 trihalomethanes, 165, 166, 179, 229, 254 279 granular activated carbon, 20, 149, 164, 168-176, 178, 179, 225, 251-253, 257-259 ion exchange, 167, 170, 175, 226 reverse osmosis, 177 storage, 176, 179 transfer coefficients, 51-52 vacuum deaeration/hollow-fiber membrane systems, 178, 253 water distribution system losses, 177- 178, 179 Weather, 12, 38-39, 47, 55, 60, 132, 143, 155-156 seasonal factors, 12, 38-40, 41-44, 46, 47, 49, 52, 55, 101, 160 wind, 25, 46, 142, 144, 148, 152, 163 see also Temperature factors Wells, 2, 3, 86, 189, 195 concentration levels, 2, 36-37, 162 Wind factors, 25, 46, 142, 144, 148, 152, 163 Windows, 94, 99, 145, 148-149, 160, 192 X X radiation, 111 Read the entire page →

From page 269...

... , 10, 12-13, 19, 37-49, 132-133, 182 breathing rate, 27, 83, 84, 103, 128, 261 concentrations, 2, 3, 10-11, 12, 15, 16, 19, 21, 26-26, 29, 31, 32-48, 91, 101, 103, 124, 145, 148-151, 154-157, 182, 184, 186-188, 199, 261, 262 see also Alternative maximum con taminant level; Maximum contami nant level dosimetry, general, 27-28, 15, 82-104, 105, 107 mitigation, 15, 19, 21-22, 31, 144-160, 162-165, 182-188, 195 multimedia programs, 5, 21-22, 182-188, 196 regional concentrations, 9, 12, 21, 32-33, 44-45, 49, 132, 168, 185, 199 regulatory problems, 10- 11

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From page 270...

... , 196, 223 Angiogenesis, 119, 223 Ambient radon, 10, 12-13, 19, 37-49, 182 uncertainties, 132- 133 see also Airborne radon American Water Works Association, 56, 166 Apoptosis, 105, 106, 113, 115, 116-118, 121, 223 Apurinic site, 114 Atom bomb survivors, 28, 77-78, 80-81, 95, 131, 137 Attributable risk, 16, 100, 135, 223, 263 B Background exposure, 1, 8, 23, 37-49, 105 Backwashing, 165, 167, 169, 172, 175-176, 178, 223, 252 Basements, houses with, 1, 33, 141, 142, 145, 146, 147, 148-149, 152, 155, 156, 157 Bayesian models, 33 BEIR IV report, 17, 93, 95-96, 99, 103 BEIR VI report, 13, 15, 16, 17, 83, 93, 94, 95, 99-100, 103, 122, 131, 134-135 Best-available technology, 20 aeration, 161, 179 alternative maximum contaminant level, 181 blending, 177 granular activated carbon, 168, 174, 179, 263 national ambient average concentration, 13, 132-133 reverse osmosis, 177 Biologic processes, general, 13-14, 63-76, 131 see also Embryos; Carcinogenesis and carcinogens; Cells and cellular processes; Molecular processes Blending (water treatment) , 177, 179 INDEX Blood and blood vessels, 27, 63, 75, 81, 84, 107, 119-120, 136, 241 hematopoietic processes, 120, 225 PBPK models, 14, 31, 66-72, 76, 227, 233-240 Bone and skeletal system, 63, 78, 79, 80, 85, 239, 251 Breasts, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 100, 113, 118, 119 Breathing rate, 27, 83, 84, 103, 128, 261 Bronchi, dosimetry, 15, 82, 83, 91-92, 107108 Building materials, see Construction materials and practices C CARBDOSE, 171, 259 Carcinogens and carcinogenesis, 105-123 defined, 224 disinfection byproducts, 165-166, 254256 see also Cells and cellular processes; Genetics; Lungs and lung cancer; Molecular processes; Stomach; other specific cancers Caspases, 116-117, 224 Cells and cellular processes, 13-14, 28, 73, 84, 97, 105-123, 131, 224 apoptosis, 105, 106, 113, 115, 116-118, 121, 223 basal cells, 119 crypts, 107, 224, 241, 245, 248 cytokines, 108, 117, 224 doses and dosimetry, 105, 107-108, 109 110, 115-116, 120-123 endogenous, 109, 116, 120 hematopoietic, 120, 225 in vitro studies, 64, 110, 121 in viva studies, 121 mitochondria, 109, 226 preneoplastic, 120, 228 proliferation, 107, 118, 119-120, 121, 122, 131, 228, 241 regulatory, 105, 113, 114, 115-116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 131 repair, 28, 93, 106, 107, 110-114, 115 116, 118, 199 secretory, 71-72, 105, 107, 119, 135, 241 signal transduction, 108, 111, 112, 113, 116, 117-118, 119, 229

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From page 271...

... , 103, 107, 136, 137, 223, 245, 248, 258, 259 age factors, 78-79 airborne radiation, general, 27-28, 15, 82 104, 105, 107 bone, 63, 78, 79, 80, 85, 239, 251 breasts, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 100, 113, 118, 119 bronchi, 15, 82, 83, 91-92, 107-108 cellular processes, 105, 107-108, 109-110, 115-116, 120-123

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From page 272...

... 181-182 ambient radon concentration, 48-49, 144, 145 disinfection, risk assessment, 254 dose, 68, 73-75, 98 exposure, 98, 126 granular activated carbon, 251-252, 258 259 ingestion risk, 14- 15, 68 linear no-threshold models, 13-14, 15, 28, 122, 226 PBPK model, 234-238 radon gas partitioning, 25 risk, 126, 260-263, 265 stomach wall, radon diffusion, 242-248 target region energy absorbed, 73-74 see also Transfer coefficients Errors of measurement, 52, 130, 132 transfer coefficients, 13, 52 see also Uncertainty Exposure, general action levels, 3, 172, 190 background exposure, 1, 8, 23, 37-49, 105

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From page 273...

... INDEX duration of exposure, 93, 97-98, 124- 125, 135, 170-171, 254, 255, 261, 263 granular activated carbon controls, 168, 169-171, 178, 179, 257-259 national, 12-13, 32-36, 40-44, 182 occupational, 63-64, 82, 93, 100, 108; see also Miner studies pathways, 25-26 regional, 9, 12, 21, 32-37, 44-45, 49, 132, 168, 185, 199 site studies, 38, 39, 46-48, 51-53 time since exposure, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99 water use, general, 56, 84 uncertainty, 18-19, 51, 124-125, 129-130 see also Alternative maximum contaminant level; Dose and dosimetry; Maximum contaminant level; Weather Exposure-age-concentration, 135 Exposure-age-duration, 98, 135 Extended source models, 20, 169, 170, 171, 179, 257, 259 F Fans, 25, 91, 142, 146, 147, 152, 158, 160, 184 Federal government, see Funding; Legislation; specific departments and agencies Filter systems, mitigation, 150, 158, 167, 177 sampling, 46, 47, 82, 196 Formulas, see Equations Funding, 2, 4, 9-10 see also Cost and cost-benefit factors Fusion genes, 120, 225 G Gallbladder cancer, 102 Gamma radiation, 28, 257-259 atomic bomb survivors, 28, 77-78, 80-81, 95, 131, 137 defined, 225 granular activated carbon controls, 168, 169-171, 178, 179, 183, 257-259 Gastrointestinal tract, 14, 66, 68-69, 81 dosimetry, 62-63, 64, 233-237 intestines, 27-28, 65, 67-68, 107, 136, 233-237 see also Stomach 273 Genetics, 12, 14-15, 105-123 oncogenes, 106, 118, 120, 225 proteins, 111-117 (passing, 224 regulatory genes, 105, 113, 114, 115-116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 131 see also Chromosomes; DNA; Reproductive effects; RNA; Teratogenic effects Gender factors, 61, 77 age- and gender-specific models, 14-15, 18, 76, 79, 80 lifetime risk, 77, 78, 79, 80 smokers, 103 stomach cancer, 102 tapwater intake, 61 uncertainties, 131 Genomic instability, 106, 109, 115, 120, 121 Geological Survey, 32-33 Granular activated carbon, 20, 149, 164, 168176, 178, 179, 183, 225, 251-253, 257-259 Groundwater, 2, 11, 36-37, 84, 132, 165, 169, 179, 195 see also Wells Groundwater Disinfection Rule, 165 H Health Risks of Radon and Other Internally Deposited Alpha-Emitters, 95 Heat-recovery ventilation, 149, 151, 158 Helicobacter pylori, 81, 107 Hematopoietic processes, 120, 225 Heterotrophic plate counts, 165, 175, 226 Hollow-fiber membrane systems, 178, 253 Home exposure, see Indoor radiation exposure Home testing, 4, 5, 51, 53, 155-156, 158-159, 184, 194, 198 Hormesis, 109, 226 I Improving Risk Communication, 138, 189 Incentives, 21, 192-193 Individual lifetime risk, 17 Indoor Radon Abatement Act, 28, 41 Information dissemination, see Public education Inhaled radon, see Airborne radon; Bronch Lungs and lung cancer

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From page 274...

... 274 Ion exchange treatment, 167, 170, 175, 226 International Atomic Energy Agency, 126 International Commission on Radiological Protection and Measurements, 64, 73,74,78,95,226,239 Intestines, 27-28, 65, 67-68, 107, 136, 233 237 J Japan, atom bomb survivors, 28, 77-78, 80 81, 95, 131, 137 L Legislation Clean Air Act, 163 Indoor Radon Abatement Act, 28, 41 Low Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Policy Act, 173 Safe Drinking Water Act, 2, 3, 4, 9, 20, 29, 30, 160, 180, 189, 195 Water Pollution Control Act, 195-196 Leukemia, 78, 79, 80, 100 Lifetime risk, 16, 17-18, 77-81, 103, 104, 254 age factors, 77-78, 79, 93 BEIR IV model, 96 BEIR VI model, 15, 103 chronic intake, 80-81 EPA model, 14-15, 127, 162 gender factors, 77, 78, 79, 80 maximum contaminant level, 29 NCRP model, 93-94 Linear no-threshold model, 13 - 14, 15, 28, 122, 226 Liver, 17, 63, 64, 67, 68, 102, 235 Low Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Policy Act, 173 Lungs and cancer, 6, 8, 78, 105, 107, 119, 121, 122, 130 background radiation, 6 children, 100 dosimetry, 27-28, 63, 66, 67, 75, 76, 79, 83-84, 89-91, 100-102, 136, 150, 199, 235, 236, 239 drinking water, 9, 14 duration of exposure, 1 miner studies, see Miner studies mitigation, 166, 182, 183, 191, 192 mortality, 1, 3, 5-6, 16, 19, 100, 101 INDEX public education, 191, 193 risk assessments, 1, 3, 6, 15, 16, 17, 78, 79, 80, 82-83, 89-91, 93-104, 134, 166, 182, 183 smoking, 3, 5, 8, 15, 16, 98, 193 M Mathematical models, see Equations Maximum contaminant level, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 20-21, 29, 161, 162, 169, 176, 179, 180, 182-189 (passing, 196, 226 see also Alternative maximum contaminant level Measurement and measurement techniques EPA, 12-13, 33, 37, 41-44 heterotrophic plate counts, 165, 175, 226 home testing, 4, 5, 51, 53, 155-156, 158159, 184, 194, 198 national, 12-13, 32-36, 40-44 regional, 9, 12, 21, 32-37, 44-45 residential water use, 56 site studies, 38, 39, 46-48 state-level, 12-13, 36-37, 41-45 see also Dose and dosimetry; Equations; Error of measurement; Transfer coefficients; Uncertainty Meiosis, 110, 226 Men, see Gender factors Meta-analyses, 93, 99, 101, 226 Microsatellite repeats, 113, 226 MICRO-SHIELD, 258 Miner studies, 9, 15, 82-83, 93, 95-99, 100, 108, 131 meta-analyses, 93, 99, 101, 226 Mitigation measures, see Risk management Mitochondria, 109, 117, 226 Mitosis, 110, 111, 116, 227 proliferative cells, 107, 119-120, 228 Models, see Equations; Risk assessments Molecular processes, 105-123 dosimetry, 105, 111-112 uncertainty, 130- 132 see also Genetics; Proteins Monte Carlo calculations, 126-127, 130, 139, 227, 260, 263, 265 Mucus, see Secretory cells and processes Multicommunity mitigation, 188- 189, 194, 197

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From page 275...

... , 149-151, 199 Passive stacks, 148, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 160 PBPK models, 14, 31, 66-72, 76, 233-240 defined, 227 Plug flow reactor, 227, 250 Point-of-entry treatment, 169-171, 195, 227, 249, 257-258 Poisson methods, 95 Pooled analyses, see Meta-analyses Population attributable risk, 100, 135 Potential alpha energy concentration, 26-27, 82, 83, 84, 88, 150 Poverty, 81 Presidential/Congressional Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management, 126 Pressure factors, 38-39, 143, 146, 152-153 active, subslab Repressurization, 146-148, 151-152, 153, 154, 157, 158, 223 passive stacks, 148, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 160 see also Advection Proteins, 111-117 (passim) caspases, 116-117, 224 Public education, 5, 21-22, 29, 137-139, 189193, 194, 196-197 Public involvement, see Incentives; Outreach Public water supplies, general, 3-4, 9, 20, 189 concentration levels, general, 8-9, 36, 37, 132 MCLs/AMCLs, 3-4, 20 mitigation, 4, 5, 20, 138, 189, 193-194 see also Water treatment R Radon and Lung Cancer Risk: A Joint Analysis of 11 Underground Miners Studies, 96 Regional factors concentration levels, 9, 12, 21, 32-37, 45, 49, 132, 168, 185, 199 multimedia programs, 4-5, 21, 49, 185 199

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From page 276...

... , 137, 138, 140 excess relative risk, 96-97, 101 sensitivity analysis, 126-127, 130, 136 smoking, 2-3, 5-6, 8, 15, 16, 94, 95-96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 193 soil and rock process, general, 3, 11, 2930, 199 special populations, 81 stomach cancer, 6, 7, 15, 16, 72-73 water use and, general, 56, 84 see also Absolute risk; Attributable risk; Lifetime risk; Public education; Uncertainty Risk management (mitigation) , 4, 6, 11- 12, 19-22, 30, 31, 144-197 action levels, 3, 172, 190 active subslab Repressurization, 146-148, 151-152, 153, 154, 157, 158, 223 aeration, 19-20, 161-167, 176-177, 249 251 airborne radiation, 15, 0, 19, 21-22, 31, 144-160, 162-165, 182-188, 195 basements, 141, 142, 145, 146, 147, 148 149, 152, 155, 156, 157 concentration reduction, general, 144-145, 148-151 construction materials and practices, 151 157 costs, 9-10, 20-21, 22, 160, 167, 174-175, 183, 184, 187, 188, 192-193, 194, 197 disinfection and disinfection by-products, 11, 20, 165-166, 171-178, 179, 182, 195, 224, 254-256 trihalomethanes (THMs)

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From page 277...

... , 10, 20-21, 31, 180 188 (passim) , 196, 223 building codes, 33, 152-153, 157, 159-160 ICRP/NCRP, 64 maximum contaminant level, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 20-21, 29, 161, 162, 169, 176, 179, 180, 182-189 (passim)

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From page 278...

... , 165, 166, 179, 229, 254 U Ultraviolet disinfection, 182 Uncertainty, 16, 18-19, 21, 31, 124-140, 198, 260-267 alternative maximum contaminant level, 181-182 BEIR VI, 131, 134-135 confidants limits/intervals, 15, 49, 102, 129, 135, 137, 139 dosimetry, 127-129, 134, 260-267 (passim) EPA assessments, 127-129, 139, 140, 163, 260-267 exposure by geographic area, 33 factors affecting, general, 124-125, 126 mitigation measures, 126, 137 molecular biology, 130- 132 multimedia exposure, 129 Monte Carlo calculations, 126-127, 130, 139, 227, 260, 263, 265 sensitivity analysis and, 126-127, 130, 136 stomach cancer, 128-129, 135-136, 137, 140 transfer coefficients, 51, 52, 126, 133 134, 182, 261 variability vs.

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From page 279...

... , 164, 165, 174, 229, 251 W Water Pollution Control Act, 195-196 Water treatment, 19-20, 23, 165, 182, 183 aeration, 19-20, 161-167, 176-177, 249251 backwashing, 165, 167, 169, 172, 175176, 178, 223, 252 blending, 177, 179 countercurrent flow, 65, 224, 249, 250 disinfection and disinfection by-products, 11, 20, 165-166, 171-178, 179, 182, 195, 224, 254 trihalomethanes, 165, 166, 179, 229, 254 279 granular activated carbon, 20, 149, 164, 168-176, 178, 179, 225, 251-253, 257-259 ion exchange, 167, 170, 175, 226 reverse osmosis, 177 storage, 176, 179 transfer coefficients, 51-52 vacuum deaeration/hollow-fiber membrane systems, 178, 253 water distribution system losses, 177- 178, 179 Weather, 12, 38-39, 47, 55, 60, 132, 143, 155-156 seasonal factors, 12, 38-40, 41-44, 46, 47, 49, 52, 55, 101, 160 wind, 25, 46, 142, 144, 148, 152, 163 see also Temperature factors Wells, 2, 3, 86, 189, 195 concentration levels, 2, 36-37, 162 Wind factors, 25, 46, 142, 144, 148, 152, 163 Windows, 94, 99, 145, 148-149, 160, 192 X X radiation, 111

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Index Pages 269-279

Index
Pages 269-279