Elementary-Particle Physics (1986) / Chapter Skim
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8 Education, Organization, and Decision Making Elementary-Particle Physics
8 Education, Organization, and Decision Making Elementary-Particle Physics
Pages 172-193
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From page 172... ...
Outside the universities, few industrial and federal research laboratories constructed particle accelerators and carried out research in these areas. Perhaps the most notable research laboratory in the United States was at Berkeley' where E
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From page 173... ...
The physicists who implemented these projects applied their experience from the wartime laboratories, and consequently these machines were large, sophisticated engineering undertakings relative to the tabletop experimental equipment of prewar research. The Berkeley Radiation Laboratory built three large accelerators that became productive research instruments in the late 1940s.
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From page 174... ...
to the universities, growing in size to over a million dollars per year for some of the large university groups. The funding for the accelerator laboratories is used for the operation of the accelerators and experimental facilities, for the construction of new equipment and new accelerators, for partial support of the university groups that use the accelerators, and for support for the in-house physics groups that are part of the accelerator laboratory staff.
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From page 175... ...
, which now operates several astronomical observatories as well as the Space Telescope Science institute at The Johns Hopkins University. After 1950 Abroad The history of accelerator laboratories in Western Europe is similar to that in the United States.
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From page 176... ...
has been developing a major accelerator laboratory called KKK. They have a 19-GeV proton accelerator and are now building an electron-positron collider that will reach about 70 GeV.
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From page 177... ...
and there is the realization that existing accelerator technology can be adapted to these new goals. This was the case with the 400-GeV proton accelerator at Fermilab and with the SPS proton accelerator at CERN.
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From page 178... ...
Other examples are the use of the SLAC linear accelerator as an injector for the SPER and PEP electron-positron storage rings; the use of the DESY 6-GeV electron synchrotron as an injector for the DORIS and PETRA electron-positron storage rings; and the recent conversion of the 400-GeV Fermilab accelerator into an injector for the 1000-GeV superconducting proton ring at Fermilab. The Death of an Accelerator Accelerators are shut down when other machines are more effective in carrying out the physics that can be done at that accelerator.
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From page 179... ...
This final point deserves some emphasis. The development of new accelerator technology begins with new ideas such as phase stability' or alternating gradient focusing, or the collision of two beams in a storage ring.
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From page 180... ...
will concentrate on a particular aspect of physics in the data. For example, in a typical electron-positron collider experiment, different people will be studying different topics such as charm meson or bottom meson physics, or electroweak interference, or searches for new particles.
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From page 181... ...
The physics subfield granting the largest number is solid-state physics; elementary-particle physics ranks second. In 1982, about 12 percent of all physics doctorates granted in the United States were in particle physics, and the dissertations for these degrees were about equally divided between experimental and theoretical physics.
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From page 182... ...
INTERACTION BETWEEN THE PARTICLE-PHYSICS COMMUNITY AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT Universities The DOE and the NSF support the university users programs. Peer review of research proposals and the alternative of two different agencies have provided a fair and responsive federal structure for the support of university research in this area.
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From page 183... ...
Accelerator Laboratories The DOE supports the Brookhaven, Fermilab, and SLAC accelerator laboratories, while the NSF supports the Cornell accelerator laboratory. The work of these laboratories is guided and reviewed in a number of ways by the particle-physics community and by the funding agencies.
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From page 184... ...
An initiative by a group of Midwestern universities to develop a laboratory along the lines of Brookhaven, the desire of the Argonne Laboratory to build a large accelerator, and a Stanford plan for a large electron linear accelerator led the government to seek advice from advisory panels. In 1967 the AEC formed a standing committee to advise it on the issues it confronts in making decisions in particle physics.
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From page 185... ...
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND COMPETITION The international nature of elementary-particle physics goes back to the turn of the century. In that period there was no distinction between atomic physics, nuclear physics, and elementary-particle physics, and the great discoveries and advances in those fields came from the nations of Europe.
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From page 186... ...
Often a physicist will work abroad for several years with a research group in the host country. There is another form of international cooperation that takes advantage of the moderate to large size of many particle-physics experiments.
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From page 187... ...
The two accelerator facilities now under construction in the United States are the Tevatron proton-antiproton collider at Fermilab, which will have the highest energy in the world; and the Stanford Linear Collider' which will provide high-energy electron-positron collisions using a new accelerator technology. Western Europe has under construction a hi'~herenergy electron-positron circular collider.
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From page 188... ...
There have been repeated discussions of a truly international accelerator, financed and constructed by a global collaboration. But international cooperation in science, while improving, has not yet reached the point where this appears practical.
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From page 189... ...
As with every field of science, the future vitality of the field is critically dependent on the quality of young people who enter as graduate students and constitute the young Ph.D.s. The particle-physics community must strive to maintain modalities that will make it possible for graduate students to play a significant, creative role in these large experiments and to complete a Ph.D.
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From page 190... ...
But often, when budget reductions occur, this research may be sacrificed in favor of maintaining a strong experimental research program and the momentum of construction of authorized new facilities. A method should be developed to educate young physicists in accelerator theory and to support in a consistent manner long-range research in particle accelerators.
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From page 191... ...
Senior means associate and full professors and laboratory equivalent. (Report of the Technical Assessment Committee on University Programs.
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From page 192... ...
Yet there is no evidence that performance by industry in major space projects, reactor construction projects, or large highly technical military systems has been superior; if anything there is evidence in the opposite direction. Moreover, the particle-physics community Is in favor of university management, and a strong case would need to be made for an alternative.
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From page 193... ...
This kind of peer input into the federal decision-making process is obviously elective. The frequent convening of ad hoc panels to consider long-range planning issues and other specific questions is evidence that community input beyond that of HEPAP is also important.
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