Oil Spill Risks From Tank Vessel Lightering (1998) / Chapter Skim
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4 Procedures, Practices, and Human Factors
4 Procedures, Practices, and Human Factors
Pages 69-86
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From page 69... ...
This chart shows the steps that are usually taken from the initial planning of a voyage to import crude oil to the United States to the actual lightering operations and the departure of the vessel after it has discharged its cargo. The organizations typically involved include refineries, traders, ship operators, lightering service companies, regulators, and other oversight parties.
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From page 70... ...
Set lightering service details 7 days 14. Set service vessel details 1 day 15.
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From page 74... ...
In addition to reviewing current practices, the committee attempted to identify actions that could be taken to maintain the spill-prevention record in the future. The six areas of opportunity are listed below: · vessel management and safety standards identifying ways vessels and crews can maintain high standards of equipment safety and personnel performance through the use of international guidelines and codes, as well as through the training and certification of crews · cooperative efforts to enhance learning and performance using cooperative approaches, such as ITOL, harbor safety committees, or similar groups, to promote the sharing and discussion of critical safety issues among industry operators, regulators, government officials, and other service providers so that all parties can learn from each other and address concerns as they arise industry guidelines for lightering operations using the ICS/OCIMF guidelines, which establish best practices for offshore lightering, to set standards for inshore lightering · communications improving the methods whereby the crew of each vessel communicates internally and with other vessels and how well they transmit vital operational information, especially during the critical mooring and unmooring steps human factors preventing accidents through attention to human factors that could lead to fatigue and errors, and through the use of best training techniques · risk evaluation using formal analytical methods to identify operational risks and the possible causes of accidents .
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From page 75... ...
Unlike the ISM Code, which establishes a framework but does not address specific operational practices, the RCP specifies best practices and operational guidelines with which all members must comply (see Box 4-2~. The second management framework addresses crew competence and protection of the marine environment.
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From page 76... ...
The recent revisions define skills and competence in more detail; require direct control over and endorsement of the qualifications of masters, officers, and radio personnel; and make parties to the convention accountable to each other. The revised convention deals with general provisions, master and deck de
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From page 77... ...
A model for this process is provided by ITOL, which has established a mechanism for the consensus-based development of industry standards for lightering in the Gulf of Mexico. Among its accomplishments, ITOL developed the Industry Lightering Operations Supplement to OCIMF Ship to Ship Transfer Guide (ITOL, 1990)
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From page 78... ...
Under the current OCIMF charter, the SIRE information is available only to member oil companies, bulk oil terminal operators, companies that regularly charter tankers, and government agencies responsible for safety or pollution prevention. The information is not available directly to lightering companies.
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From page 79... ...
Although USCG regulations and industry standards have been written for offshore operations, particularly those taking place in the Gulf of Mexico, no lightering guidelines have been written specifically for inshore operations. The AWO provides strong leadership for the tugs and barges that constitute much of the inland traffic on U.S.
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From page 80... ...
Extra precautions must be taken when lightering operations involve crews that are not proficient in English. When completing the safety checklists or planning the operation, the mooring master or other individual in charge must identify communications barriers and take extra time to ensure that the plan is understood before initiating the operation.
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From page 81... ...
The lightering process is, however, only a part of any vessel' s entire operating regime and must be considered as part of a much larger operating system. Recently, the international maritime industry has adopted comprehensive new standards known as the 1995 Amendments to the International Convention on STCW that represent a milestone for improving ship safety through enhancing personnel skills and training.
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From page 82... ...
Lightering companies provide one or two persons expert in lightering and in local requirements to advise the ship staff during the operation. The mooring master is stationed on board the service vessel and, if there is a second lightering company staff member assigned to the operation, an assistant mooring master, he or she is stationed on the STBL to coordinate communications, ensure that everything is ready prior to commencement of the operation, and to assist during the operation.
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From page 83... ...
Lightering companies require a master's license for mooring masters and prefer that candidates have sailed as masters. The committee found no evidence of a need for industry-wide training and certification programs specifically directed toward lightering personnel at this time.
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From page 84... ...
Another analysis also noted that most lightering spills are small and concluded that the risks of lightering are manageable. "With adherence to the stringent federal and international requirements for prevention and response as well as the implementation of safety management mandates, the lightering process may be characterized as a relatively and predictably sound environmental risk" (von Zharen, 1994~.
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From page 85... ...
FMEA analysis may be useful for analyzing lightering operations. Although it may not be necessary for operators with a long history of success, it might be useful for newer operations under special circumstances and for new lightering companies that want to learn from other's mistakes and successes.
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From page 86... ...
1990. Industry Lightering Operations Supplement to OCIMF Ship to Ship Transfer Guidelines for U.S.
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