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High Stakes Testing for Tracking, Promotion, and Graduation (1999) / Chapter Skim
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From page 313...
... , 198- 199 predictive validity, 200, 201 scoring, general, 197, 199, 200, 201, 202, 206, 293, 295 see also Bilingual education; Special education Accountability, 1, 2, 5, 13, 39, 273, 274, 278 educators, 1, 2, 5, 15, 16 English-language learners, 7, 217, 296, 298 graduation tests, 165, 182 independent oversight body, 256-257 legal issues, 18, 65, 189, 192, 193, 198, 200 promotion/retention in grade, 115, 127, 132 school-based factors, 2, 5, 15, 16, 21, 29-31, 35, 40, 274, 278 school districts, 2, 5, 35, 274, 278 English-language learners, 217 students with disabilities, 189 3~3
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From page 314...
... , 132, 133, 135, 287, 291 test length and time, 24, 195, 199, 203, 206, 216, 218, 219, 293 tracking, 100-101 voluntary national tests, 15, 23 8, 23 9 see Accommodations/adaptations Administrative law, 8, 17, 248, 251, 264 268, 301 discrimination and funding, 58 Advanced diplomas, 180, 181, 182 Advanced placement, 95, 98, 99, 100, 106, 126, 219, 225, 240, 289, 291 see also Gifted and talented students African Americans discrimination against, 20, 21, 53-54, 56, 57 dropouts, employment of, 177 graduation tests, 175-176 kindergarten retention, 119 retention in grade, 119, 122, 137, 148, 155-156, 157, 281 tracking, 100, 105-106 Age factors, 114, 279 employment of diploma holders, 176 English-language learners, 212, 216 kindergarten, 1 18-120 retention in grade, 5, 120-122, 133, 136, 137, 147-158, 281, 286 tracking, 98 see also Developmental factors; Grade level factors American Association of Mexicarl-Americar Educators v. California, 58, 59, 60 American College Test, 19, 20, 60, 61 American Educational Research Association, see Standards for
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From page 315...
... measurement; Fairness Bilingual education, 33, 46, 211, 212, 216, 219, 221, 224-225, 283, 296 translation of tests, 216, 218, 219, 221-224, 226, 227, 229-230, 297 see also English-language learners 315 Black persons, see African Americans Board of Education of New York v. Harris, 59 Board on Testing and Assessment, v, 67, 188 Buckley Amendment, see Family Education Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 Bureau of Census, 117, 118-119, 136 Current Population Survey, 118, 137, 281 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 58, 211, 265, 266, 267, 301 Classroom practice, see Instructional factors Clinton Administration, v, 13, 14, 41, 42, 1 14-1 15, 284-285 Code of Fair Testing Practices ire Education, 8, 17, 82, 249-250, 262, 266, 268 Code of Professional Responsibilities ire Educational Measurement, 83 Cognitive factors and theory, 17 construct validity, 74-75, 80 disabilities, 190, 191, 293; see Learning disabilities; Retardation College admissions exams, 33, 45, 76, 82, 181, 199, 205 ACT, 19, 20, 60, 61 SAT, 19-20, 33, 60, 182, 215, 216, 240 Compensatory models, 165-166, 180 English-language learners, 213 Competency testing, 38-39, 163, 287, 288 discrimination, litigation, 21, 38, 52, 53,56,57,63-64, 163, 171, 178, 179, 183, 251-252 history of, 15, 38 mathematics, 38, 126-127, 179 public opinion, 44 reading, 2, 16, 24, 273, 274 see Graduation requirements; Promotion/retention in grade
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From page 316...
... , 66 promotion/retention in grade, 124-125 Cutscores, 98 students with disabilities, 199 tracking and, 98 see also Curriculum Cost-effectiveness factors, 23, 275 graduation tests, 172 litigation, 8, 252, 299 post-secondary remediation, 45 standardized tests, general, 30 students with disabilities, 194 validation of tests, 67 Council of Chief State School Officers State Collaboration on Assessment and Student Standards, 205, 215, 232 INDEX CRESST, see National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards and Student Testing Criterion-referenced testing, 76, 82, 93, 94, 127, 165, 265 Cultural factors, 62, 212, 214, 218, 225, 248 intelligence tests, 31-32 see also Discrimination; Englishlanguage learners Current Population Survey, 118, 137, 281 Curriculum, 6, 29, 36, 37, 39, 278 graduation tests, 164, 172-173, 177179, 181, 288 indicator systems, 8, 36, 281 legal requirements, 25, 38, 51, 64-65, 66 overlap across grades, 114 promotion/retention in grade, 125, 287 standards, 37 students with disabilities, 198 individualized education programs, 33, 188-189, 191-193, 194, 195, 204, 294, 295 tracking, 103-105 validity, general, 3, 64-65, 275, 277278 voluntary national tests, 65 see also Bilingual education; Teaching to the test; Test preparation; Tracking and placement accuracy of, 96, 99-100, 124, 166 graduation requirements, 98, 166, 168170, 289, 290 legal issues, 55(n.6) , 60, 64, 252 promotion/retention in grade, 116, 125-127, 128, 287 D Debra P
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From page 317...
... Educational Testing Service, 205, 252 Education Amendments of 1972, 58, 266, 301 Education reform, 13-14, 34, 40 Clinton Administration, v, 13, 14, 41, 42, 1 14-1 15, 284-285 curricular, 6, 278 standards-based, general, 13-14, 15, 36, 132, 199, 206, 273, 288-289 students with disabilities, 195 see also Accountability; Cost effectiveness factors Effectiveness of treatment, general, 3, 23, 275 Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, 15, 18,25,35,40,63 see also Improving America's Schools Act Elementary school, 37, 279 English-language learners, 212, 226(n.5 ~ promotion/retention in grade, 120121, 126-127, 129, 133, 137-146, 149-153, 285, 286 remediation, 133 tracking, 91, 93, 103-104 see also Kindergarten; Voluntary national tests Elstorr v. Talladega County Board of Education, 58(n.12)
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From page 318...
... . 1scrlmmatlon Equal Education Opportunities Act of 1974, 63 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 59 Error of measurement, 3, 14, 76, 124, 279 English-language learners, 226 standard error, 72-73 students with disabilities, accommodations, 196 see also Accuracy of measurement Evaluation see also Attribution of cause; Fairness; Program evaluation; Reliability Evaluation for the Voluntary National Tests: Phase 1, v, 18 Exclusion from assessment English-language learners, 214, 215 218, 219, 226, 233 indicator systems, 8, 281 students with disabilities, 193, 195, 204 Expectations, see Attitudes Expert judgment, 60, 74, 168, 206, 213 214, 254, 256-257, 259, 289, 297 IQ testing, 54 students with disabilities, 192 tracking, 99 F Fairness, 1, 14, 15, 17, 25, 31, 39, 71, 74, 78-82, 191-192, 276 administration procedures, general, 7879, 80-81 defined, 39, 72 Department of Education standards, 67-68 English-language learners, 226 graduation tests, 177-178 legal issues, 64, 265 promotion/retention in grade, 82, 134135 students with disabilities, accommodations, 80, 191-192, 200
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From page 319...
... , 62 319 Gifted and talented students, 4, 91, 93, 97, 106, 219, 280, 282, 283 Goals 2000: Educate America Act, 18, 188, 196, 205-206, 211, 232, 292, 296 Government, see Federal government; Political factors; State government Grade-level factors, achievement variations, 114 see also Elementary school; Kindergarten; Promotion/ retention in grade; Secondary school Grade retention, see Promotion/retention in grade Grades, teacher-assigned, 6, 37, 279, 295 grade point average, 33 graduation requirements, 180, 181-182 promotion/retention in grade, 124 tracking, 100 Graduation requirements, 1, 2, 4, 14, 16, 22, 25, 37, 163-187, 273, 287-290 accountability, 165, 182 accuracy of measurement, general, 163, 166, 276, 287 adequate notice of testing, 51, 63-64, 163, 289 administration procedures, adequate notice of testing, 51, 63 64, 163, 289 retaking of tests, 165, 178, 180, 181, 182, 220, 243, 289, 292 African Americans, 175-176 attendance records, 164, 174, 279, 288 attitudes, 181, 288 content coverage, 167-168, 169, 177179 curriculum and, 164, 172-173, 177179, 181, 288 outscores, 98, 166, 168-170, 289, 290 diploma denial, alternative/ complementary strategies, 179183 remediation, 169, 171, 177, 180, 182-183, 289
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From page 320...
... , 63, 64 litigation, 38, 52, 53, 56, 63, 163, 171, 178 multiple assessment criteria, 165-166, 179, 180, 279, 288, 290 National Assessment of Educational Progress, 182, 289 poverty, 174, 176, 281, 289 predictive validity, 170- 171 professional/public interest groups, opinions, 45 test administration procedures, retaking of tests, 165, 178, 180, 181, 182, 220, 243, 289, 292 test preparation, 169, 171, 177-178, 182-183, 289, 290 adequate notice of testing, 51, 63 64, 163, 289 remedial instruction, 169, 171, 177, 180, 182-183, 289 validity issues, 167- 171, 172, 177- 178 construct validity, 168, 177 voluntary national tests, 7-8, 25, 239, 243, 290, 291-292 writing achievement, 165, 167, 170, Groves v. Alabama State Board of Education, 38 (n.12/n.13)
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From page 321...
... , 60 Joint Committee on Testing Practices, 206 loins Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing see Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing K Kindergarten, 95, 117, 131-132, 133, 137, 285 extended, 114, 118-120, 122, 137, 146-149 L Labeling model, 257-263, 300 Language factors, see Bilingual education; English-language learners Larry P
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From page 322...
... , 198 validity of tests, 6, 55(n.6) , 60, 63, 6465, 67 see also Administrative law; Constitutional law; specific court cases Leg is lat ion Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, 18, 188, 191, 196, 198 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 58, 211, 265, 266, 267, 301 Education Amendments of 1972, 58, 266, 301 INDEX Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, 15, 18, 25, 35, 40, 63 Equal Education Opportunities Act of 1974, 63 Family Education Rights and Privacy Act of 1974, 18, 251 Goals 2000: Educate America Act, 18, 188, 196, 205-206, 211, 232, 292, 296 Improving America's Schools Act, 51, 62-63, 65-66, 188, 196, 211, 219, 264-267, 292, 296 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1997, 18, 33, 40, 188-190, 191-192, 196, 198, 251, 262, 292, 293 Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 18, 58(n.10)
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From page 323...
... , 290, 291 323 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 45, 57, 58(n.12) , 62 National Center for Education Statistics English-language learners, 226, 231 students with disabilities, 200, 204 National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards and Students Testing, 205, 228, 233, 263 National Commission on Testing and Public Policy, 251, 256, 263 National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 179 National Council on Measurement in Education see Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing National Educational Goals Panel, 94-95, 119 National Education Longitudinal Study, 130, 174 National Research Council, 205-206, 233 New York Urbarr League, Iliac.
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From page 324...
... 1 ) INDEX graduation tests, 170-171 item response theory, 202 promotion/retention in grade, 123, 127 students with disabilities, accommodations, 200, 201 tracking, 97-98, 101-102, 240, 283284 voluntary national tests, 240, 291 Program evaluation, 15, 35, 40 Promotion/retention in grade, 1, 2, 4, 6, 14, 16, 22, 25, 26, 37, 42, 114162, 273, 278, 284-287, 298 accountability, 115, 127, 132 accuracy issues, 116, 119, 124, 276 African Americans, 119, 122, 137, 148, 155-156, 157, 281 age factors, retention, 5, 120-122, 133, 136, 137, 147-158, 281, 286 alternatives to retention, 13 2-133, 285, 287; see also Social promotion remedial education and, 6, 115, 116, 132-133, 285, 287 attendance records, 115, 116, 124, 130, 284 attitudes, 125, 284, 285 construct validity issues, 124 content coverage, 124-125 curriculum and, 125, 287 outscores, 116, 125-127, 128, 287 developmental factors, 124, 279, 284 discrimination, 13 1-132 dropping out, retention and, 130, 131, 151, 155-156, 181, 285 elementary school, 120-121, 126-127, 129, 133, 137-146, 149-153, 285, 286 English-language learners, 125-126, 219-220, 224-225, 298 fairness issues, 82, 134-135 gender factors, 5, 118, 119, 122, 125, 130, 134, 137, 148, 150, 154-155, 156, 157, 281 Hispanics, 119, 122, 148, 155-156, 157, 225
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From page 325...
... INDEX historical perspectives, 117-122, 136, 138-158, 286 impacts on student, 3, 128-132, 285 indicator systems, 8, 281 intelligence tests, 11 9, 1 29 kindergarten, 95, 117, 131-132, 133, 137, 285 extended, 114, 118-120, 122, 137, 146-149 legal issues, 50-51, 52, 55, 198 multiple assessment criteria, 6, 24, 37, 124, 135, 279, 284-285, 286 predictive validity, 123, 127 professional/public interest groups, opinions, 45 psychometrics, general, 123, 286, 287 public opinion, 43 racial/ethnic factors, 118, 119, 122, 125, 130, 131-132, 134, 137, 150, 154, 155-157, 281 reading achievement, 125, 126-127 remedial instruction, 6, 115, 116, 132 133, 285, 287 retaking of tests, 127(n.11) , 132, 133, 135, 287, 291 scoring issues, 123, 124, 125, 129, 286, 287 secondary school, 120-121, 129, 130, 137-146, 149-152, 153, 286 socioeconomic status, 130 poverty, 119, 130, 131, 280, 281 standardized tests, general, 116, 123 124, 127-128 state government role, 115-116, 123, 126, 133, 136, 284 students with disabilities, 125, 126, 193, 198 teacher recommendations, 6, 284 trends in retention, 117-122, 136, 138 146 validity issues, 123-124, 134-135, 286 voluntary national tests, 7-8, 25, 239, 241-243, 290, 291, 292 writing achievement, 115, 124 see also Graduation requirements; Social promotion 325 Psychometrics, general, 4, 25, 71, 73, 77, 78 English-language learners, 219, 225230, 298 graduation tests, 166, 168, 169, 219, 288, 289 legal issues, 51, 59, 67 promotion/retention in grade, 123, 286, 287 students with disabilities, accommodations, 196-202, 205 tracking, 95-101, 283-284 see also Fairness; Item response theory; Reliability; Validity Public opinion, 1, 14, 17, 19, 23, 24, 25, 30, 43-45 mass media, 19-20, 31, 33, 261, 262 R Race/ethnicity, 4, 14, 16, 20, 276, 280 athletes, 20 dropouts, employment of, 177 graduation tests, 20, 56, 167, 175-176, 289 promotion/retention in grade, 118, 119, 122, 125, 130, 131-132, 134, 137, 150, 154, 155-157, 281 tracking, 21, 93-94, 95, 98, 99, 100101, 103, 105-106, 281, 283 voluntary national testing, 41 see also Cultural factors; Discrimination; English-language learners; specific groups Readiness, see Graduation requirements; Promotion/retention in grade Reading achievement, 1-2, 24, 273, 274 accuracy in testing, 2, 16, 24, 273, 274 English-language learners, 24, 215, 216, 229, 298 oral reading of/responses to questions, 80, 216, 218 minimum competency testing, 38, 4243, 126-127 promotion/retention in grade, 125, 126-127
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From page 326...
... , 132, 133, 135, 288, 291 Retardation, 190, 293 see also Educable mentally retarded; Special education Retention in grade, see Promotion/ retention in grade S Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) , 1920, 33, 60, 182, 215, 216, 240 School-based factors accountability, 2, 5, 15, 16, 29-31, 35, 40, 274, 278 litigation, 21 accreditation, 15 labeling approach to test use, 262 segregation/desegregation, 21, 32, 53, 55-57 School districts accountability, 2, 5, 35, 274, 278 English-language learners, 217 students with disabilities, 189 discrimination, 64 English-language learners, 213, 217, 222-224 grades, teacher-assigned, 37 graduation tests, 179 multiple measures, 37 promotion/retention in grade, 37 voluntary national testing, 41 Science achievement, 179 English-language learners, 213, 216 Third International Mathematics and Science Study, 7, 18, 174, 241, 290, 291 Scoring and scoring criteria, 3, 14, 74, 259, 262, 278 construct validity, 74-77 (passim)
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From page 327...
... . ethnlclty Social promotion, 6, 14, 22, 26, 41-43, 114-117, 122, 126-127, 133, 136137, 278, 285, 286 Socioeconomic status, 14 retention in grade, 130 tracking, 92, 95, 98, 100, 103, 105106, 283 see also Poverty Spanish-speaking students, see Hispanics 327 Special education indicator systems, 8, 281 individualized education programs, 33, 188-189, 191-193 legal issues, 18, 55, 190, 191-192, 193, 194, 195, 204, 294, 295 participation, 190-191, 193-195, 205, 293 social promotion and age-grade retardation, 136 special diplomas, 194, 295 tracking, 93-94, 97, 282 Speech impairments, 190, 293 Standardized tests, general, 8, 14, 17, 2526 historical perspectives, 15, 19, 20-21, 29, 3 1-33 kindergarten, 119 professionally codified standards, 8, 17, 25, 60, 78, 82-83, 123-124, 179, 199, 247-250, 252, 262, 266, 268, 298, 299 promotion/retention in grade, 116, 123-124, 127-128 state programs, 15 students with disabilities?
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From page 328...
... . ~ university aamlsslon requirements, ~ voluntary national testing, 41 State-level factors and trends, 20 graduation tests, dropouts, 174 retention in grade, 117, 136-137, 138146 public opinion, 44 Student portfolios, 24, 216, 218, 265, 266, 274 Students with disabilities, 3, 7, 16, 24, 25, 40-41, 188-210, 274, 281, 292295 accountability, 7, 118, 189, 192, 193, 198, 292 accuracy issues, 7, 193, 198, 201 categories of, 195, 293 curriculum, 198 individualized education programs, 33, 188-189, 191-193, 194, 195, 204, 294, 295 discrimination against, 191, 201 dropouts, 189 eligibility, 190-191, 281, 293 INDEX exclusion from assessment, 193, 195, 204 funding, 190, 204 item response theory, 202-203 legal issues, 18, 33, 40, 58(n.10)
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From page 329...
... . Test aumlnlstratlon procedures, see Administration procedures, testing Test preparation, 7, 132, 280 fairness, 79 graduation tests, 169, 171, 177-178, 182-183, 289, 290 adequate notice of testing, 51, 6364, 163, 289 remedial instruction, 169, 171, 177, 180, 182-183, 289 litigation, 21 tracking, 100-101 validity and, 73 voluntary national tests, 239 see also Curriculum; Remedial instruction; Teaching to the test Texas Assessment of Academic Skills, 46, 115, 171, 217, 221 Third International Mathematics and Science Study, 7, 18, 174, 241, 290, 291 Time factors English-language learners, 215, 218 329 graduation tests, adequate notice of testing, 51, 63-64, 163, 289 litigation, duration of, 8, 252, 299 new test introduction and use, gap, 6, 164 test length and time, 24, 195, 199, 203, 206, 216, 218, 219, 293 voluntary national tests, 15, 65 TIMSS, see Third International Mathematics and Science Study Tracking and placement, 2, 14, 16, 22, 25, 31, 33, 82, 89-113, 114, 123, 282-284 accuracy issues, 97, 99-100, 101, 276 advanced placement, 95, 98, 99, 100, 106, 126, 219, 225, 240, 289, 291 gifted and talented students, 4, 91, 93, 97, 106, 219, 280, 282, 283 African Americans, 100, 105-106 age factors, 98 curriculum and, 103-105 definitional issues, 1, 89-91, 101, 282 demographic factors, 4-5 dropping out and, 102, 104-105 elementary school, 91, 93, 103-104 English-language learners, 4-5, 95, 98, 99, 101, 105-106, 213, 219-220, 224-225, 284, 298 fairness issues, 82, 100-101 gender factors, 95, 98, 99, 100-101, 281 grades, teacher-assigned, 100 graduation tests, 1 71 historical perspective on, 15, 91-93 instructional factors, 103, 105 intelligence tests, 53-55, 93-94, 97 international comparisons, 92-93, 282 knowledge access issues, 103-105 legal issues, 50-57 (passim)
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From page 330...
... , 60, 63, 64-65, 67 performance standards, general, 73, 76 political factors, 30-31, 35, 39 preparation for testing and, 73 promotion/retention in grade, 123124, 134-135, 286 students with disabilities, accommodations, 192, 196, 199200, 201, 202-203, 205, 206, 293, 294, 295 tracking, 96-101, 123, 283 voluntary national tests, release of items, 15 see also Construct validity; Cutscores; Predictive validity; Teaching to the test Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp., 53 Voluntary national tests, 5, 7-8, 13-15, 41,65,238-244,273,276,290292 Clinton Administration, v, 13-14, 41, 42, 1 14-1 15, 284-285 discrimination, 239, 290 mathematics achievement, v, 8, 14, 16, 41, 238-243, 291 National Assessment of Educational Progress and, 239-243 (passim)
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From page 331...
... dropouts, employment of, 177 graduation tests, 176 minimum competency testing, 56 retention in grade, 119, 122, 130, 148, 155, 156, 157, 281 tracking, 21, 95, 100, 105-106, 281 331 Writing achievement, 36, 75, 76, 81, 265, 266 English-language learners, 215, 216 217, 221, 223, 229, 298 graduation requirements, 165, 167, 170, promotion/retention in grade, 115, 124 students with disabilities, 197, 198
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Key Terms

  • legal issues
  • voluntary national
  • national tests
  • graduation requirements
  • competency testing

  • predictive validity
  • construct validity
  • instructional factors
  • multiple assessment
  • learning disabilities

  • administration procedures
  • writing achievement
  • assessment criteria
  • validity issues
  • intelligence tests

  • minimum competency
  • educational progress
  • reading achievement
  • mathematics achievement
  • national assessment

  • gender factors
  • remedial instruction
  • individualized education
  • bilingual education
  • item response

  • response theory
  • special education
  • education act
  • psychological testing
  • public opinion


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