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Pages 375-388

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From page 375...
... , 149 Atomic Energy Commission, U.S., studies of radiation effects, 79, 112, 331-344 B Banked specimens, for preservation of records, 85-86 Baseline studies, value of, 111, 113 Bats, see Vampire bat control Bean weevil (Callosobruchus chinensis) , 5 Behavior, of individuals, 26-28 Biological introductions, see Introduced species Biological magnification 6 Biological monitoring, 3, 4, 81-87, 113 114.
From page 376...
... , see California red scale control California red scale control, 13, 14, 165189 analog studies in, 180 boundaries established in, 170-171 committee comment on, 186- 189 ecological knowledge and theories in, 178- 183 ecosystem components in, 169 as environmental problem, 167-168 future research plans in, 177-178 introduction of, 166 monitoring in, 170, 176-177 optimal-foraging theory in, 182 predators and parasites in, 166-167, 182-183 problems with pesticides in, 167 project as experiment, 180-181 role of Aphytis species in, 166- 167, 170, 171-172, 174-182, 186-188 sex-allocation theory in, 179 Calluna species, and reclamation of derelict lands in Great Britain, 250, 256, 261, 265, 268 Carbon dioxide, 2, 5 buildup in atmosphere, 98 fixed, 39 INDEX Caribou protection, 11, 12, 13, 14, 106, 114, 205-226 analog studies of, 76, 221 behavior studies in, 213, 217, 218, 219 boundaries established in, 216-217 committee comment on, 225-226 conclusions from studies in, 214-215 cumulative effects in, 219 ecosystem components in, 215-216 and effects of development, 210 environmental problems in, 208-212 expert judgments in, 221-222 hypothesis-testing in, 218-219 migration routes in, 208-210, 211, 214, 219 models used in, 221 monitoring in, 217, 218, 219 pilot studies in, 78, 221 population characteristics in, 212-213, 214 and project as experiment, 221-222 and role of ecological knowledge, 212215, 220, 222-224 sensitivity criteria in, 213-214, 215, 218, 219, 221-222 significance of impacts in, 216 study strategy in, 217-218 Case studies, see Ecological case studies Catch per unit of effort (CPUE) , as index of fish abundance and biomass, 139141, 143, 144, 145, 146 Cattle effect of vampire bats upon, see Vampire bat control iodine-131 concentrations in milk of, 334 milk containing DDT, 369 sex ratios and increased productivity in, 34 Cesium-134, in radiation study, 337 Cesium-137, in reindeer, 334 Chaoborus, in Southern Indian Lake, 329 Chesapeake Bay, degradation of, 97 Chlorophacinone, in vampire bat control, 155, 156-157 Chromosomes, and nuclear radiation, 337, 338 Chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus)
From page 377...
... , and reclamation of derelict lands in Great Britain, 265 Daphnia species, in Lake Washington, 309, 310, 312 DDT effects, 4, 6, 10, 11, 13, 14, 29, 64, 65, 77, 78, 85, 88, 109, 358-374 in birds, 4, 361-370 boundaries for study of, 365-366 in budworm control, 360, 365 committee comment on, 371-374 complex interactions in, 99-100 delayed mortality in, 363 development of resistance to, 35, 360 ecosystem components in, 363 and eggshell thinning, 363, 364, 366, 369-370 in elm bark beetle control, 361, 364, 365, 369 environmental problems and, 106, 360 363 expert judgment in, 369-370 in fish, 360, 361, 363, 365, 367-368 in food chain, 99-100, 361, 363, 364 365, 368, 369 in forest insect control, 364, 371 key issues in, 363-364 in malaria control, 191, 192, 359 in milk, 369 monitoring of, 114, 366-367 pilot-scale experiments in, 78-79 and recolonization of treated areas, 364 365, 368, 372 and reproductive performance, 64 and role of ecological knowledge, 365 368
From page 378...
... , 153 Disasters and catastrophes, and extinction of small populations, 70 Disease control, 10, 14, 25, 190-204 Diversification, in revegetation studies, 260-261. See also Sward diversification Diversity indexes, 49-50, 83 Dutch elm disease control program, 364 Dynamics of populations, 24-25, 28-35, Erosion 47-48 INDEX E Ecological case studies, 3-4, 12-15, 135374 Ecological communities, 3, 47-61 competition and, 52-53 factors affecting species diversity in, 5055 invadability of, 57-58 keystone species, 5-6, 55-56 organization of, 55-56 patches and, 68-74 predation and, 52 preservation of, 11, 205-226, 227-274, 301-316, 345-357 productivity and, 53-54 spatial and temporal considerations in, 54, 68-74 species composition in, 48-50 stability and resilience of, 7, 56-57 substitutability in, 58 succession in, 58-60, 72, 260-261 see also Populations; Species Ecological knowledge applications of, 9- 12, 104- 115 defined, 1 types of, 4-9 uses, 2 Ecological methods, 2 Ecological theory, defined, 1 Ecotoxicology, 2 Effective population size, 37 defined, 234-236 of spotted owls, 230-242, 246 Eggshell thinning from DDT use, 363, 364, 366, 369-370 El Nino, 90 Elm bark beetle, DDT in control of, 361, 364, 365, 369 Endangered Species Act of 1973, 228 Energy flow, 3, 61-67 Environmental experiments, 3, 75-80 Environmental goals, identification of, 105-107 Environmental problem-solving, scientific framework for, 104- 115 Environmental Protection Agency, U.S., 359, 360 Environmental stochasticity, and extinction of small populations, 69-70 in clearcut logging, 348-350
From page 379...
... , U.S., 363, 364, 371-372 Food chains DDT in, 99-100, 361, 363, 364-365, 368, 369 effects of nuclear radiation on, 334, 335-337, 338-339 pollutants in, 63, 64, 94 radionuclides in, 333-334 and Southern Indian Lake project, 320 328-329 toxic substances in, 93-94, 99-100 Foreign Assistance Act, 152 Forest clearcutting, 345-357 biomass removal in, 350-351, 352-353 committee comment on, 356-357 leaching and erosion in, 348-350 models used in, 353, 357 and nutrient budgets of ecosystems, 346-347, 352, 356-357 and nutrients remaining in soil, 351~352 replenishment of nutrients in, 352 sensitivity analysis of, 352-353, 357 Forest management program in New Brunswick, 13, 14, 95, 106, 110, 275-300 baseline data in, 298-299 boundaries established in, 279-280 budworm population affecting, 280, 287, 296 committee comment on, 297-300 cumulative effects of, 285, 299-300 density-dependent and forest age factors in, 280-284 ecosystem components in, 279 environmental problems in, 277-278 hypothesis-testing in, 284-285 models used in, 288-290 nomograms used in, 290-295, 299 performance indicators in, 278-279 role of ecological knowledge in, 286288 Forest Service (U.S. Department of Agriculture)
From page 380...
... , 149 Halibut fishery management, 13, 14, 29, 114, 137-147 boundaries in, 142 catchability of fish in, 140-141 committee comment on, 149-150 cumulative effects in, 143 detection of unreported catches in, 146147 growth rates in, 142 law of accumulated stock and, 144 life-history characteristics of, 33-34 migration patterns in, 141 monitoring in, 143 natural and fishing mortality estimates in, 141, 144-145, 146 and project as experiment, 145-146 role of ecological knowledge in, 143, 146-147 stock assessment models for, 139-140, 144-145 stock-recruitment relationship in, 140, 145 Heather (Calluna vulgaris) , 250 Heliconius butterflies, 46 Herring gull (Laws argentatus)
From page 381...
... , and caribou protection, 205-226 Ladybird beetles, and DDT, 362 Lake Tahoe, changes in zooplankton community, 309, 323 Lake Washington eutrophication control, 13, 14, 106, 110, 111, 114, 301-316, 328 analog studies of, 76 basis of predictions in, 112 and changes in zooplankton community, 309-310, 323 circulation of water in, 72 committee comment on, 312- 315 and cyanobacteria, 83, 303-304, 308, 310, 313, 315 effects of phosphorus in, 65, 308, 314 315 model used in, 306-307, 320 nutrient fluxes in, 64-65, 303-304 political involvement in, 305 predictions for, 306-307 and project as experiment, 312 public involvement in, 102, 305-306, 314 results of effluent diversion in, 307-309 scientific studies of, 303-304 sewage discharge in, 73, 95, 102, 302 303 zooplankton in, 309-310 Lake Zurich, eutrophication of, 303, 315 Lakes eutrophication of, see Eutrophication of lakes phosphorus in, effects of, 65, 66, 308, 314-315 pollutants in, 64-65 turbidity of water in, 65, 96, 320, 328 329 variability in productivity of, 65-66
From page 382...
... See also Genetic considerations Mediterranean fruit flies (Dacus) , 27 Mercury in Southern Indian Lake, 65, 223, 329 toxic transformations of, 64 Metapopulations, 230 Migration habitats affecting, 31-32 routes for caribou, 208-210, 211, 214, 219 Milk DDT in, 369 iodine- 131 in, 334 Mining, and derelict lands in Great Britain, 249-250 Models in California red scale control, 179-180 in caribou protection, 220-221 in forest clearcutting, 353, 357 development and use of, 108-109 in forest management program, 288-290 in halibut fishery management, 144-146 in Lake Washington eutrophication control, 306-307, 320 in malaria control, 191, 197-200 in Southern Indian Lake project, 320 Mollusks, and biological monitoring, 8384 Monitoring studies, 81-87 advantages of living organisms in, 81 82 baseline in, 111, 112, 113 in California red scale control, 170, 176- 177 in caribou protection, 217, 218, 219 choice of organisms for, 82-85 for DDT effects, 366-367 for detection of pollutants, 82-86 in halibut fishery management, 143
From page 383...
... analysis, in assessment of fishery stock abundance, 145 North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 366 North Pacific halibut, see Halibut fishery management 383 Northern pike (Esox lucius) , in Southern Indian Lake, 322, 323 Nuclear radiation effects, 13, 14, 79, 331344 basis of predictions in, 112 chromosomes and, 337, 338 committee comment on, 343-344 environmental problems in, 333-335 in food chains, 334, 335-337, 338-339 at nuclear test sites, 333 and predictions of radionuclide movements, 335-337 sensitivity of species in, 337-338 specific-activity concept in, 335 systems analysis approach in, 337 see also Ionizing radiation; Radionuclides Nutrients fluxes in, 64-65, 66-67 interactions, 65-66 in lakes, 64-66, 303-304, 320-321 losses due to clearcut logging, 345-357 regeneration of, 66, 96 o Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 337 Old-growth forests, as habitat for owl populations, 227-247 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
From page 384...
... , 63, 114, 367 Polygynous mating systems, 34 Population biology, 23-37. See also Populations Population fragmentation, 6 Population interactions, 38-46 competitive, 42-45 indirect effects of, 46, 47-48, 88 mutualistic, 6, 45-46 patterns of succession, 59 predator-prey, 6, 40-42, 309-310, 324, 329 Populations age structure of, 33-34 aggregations of, 32 behavior of, 26-28 biology of, 23-37 carrying capacity and, 28 control of, 27-28 density-dependent factors in, 5, 28-29, 30 dispersion patterns and migratory behavior in, 31-32 dynamics of, 24-25, 28-35, 47-48 effects of habitat changes upon, 26 in forest development, 280-284 genetic and evolutionary changes in, 2425, 35-37 growth rates in, 32-33 harvesting practices affecting, 95
From page 385...
... INDEX isolated, 32 key factors in identifying, 25-26 life-history information and, 23-24, 2526 mating systems of, 27 maximal sustainable yield and, 29 predator introduction into, 26-27 regulation of, 28-29 sex ratios and sex biases in, 34-35 single, 23-37 size estimates of, 29, 30 social interactions among, 27-28 stability of, 29-31 see also Ecological communities; Population interactions; Species Power generation and nuclear radiation effects, 331-344 and raising lake level for hydroelectric project, 317-329 Predation, 52 Predator-prey theory, in California red scale control, 182- 183 Predators as control agents, 26-27, 41 dietary practices of, 40-41 in donor-controlled systems, 41 interactions with prey, 6, 40-42, 309310, 324, 329 keystone species of, 6, 55-56 natural resistance of plants to, 41-42 in predator-controlled systems, 41 Prediction of effects for caribou herd, 218-219 for clearcut logging, 353 for cumulativeeffects, 10-11, 100-101, 112-114 for DDT effects, 358-374 for forestry development, 288-290 limitations of, 79 for nuclear radiation effects, 331-344 for Southern Indian Lake project, 317330 uncertainties in, see Uncertainty see also Impact assessment Preservation of ecological communities and habitats, 11 Probabilistic thinking, 17 Productivity and fluxes in energy and matter, 61-62 as index of perturbation, 63, 66-67 interactions, 65-66 385 of lakes, variability in, 65-66 and species richness, 53-54 Projects as experiments, 15- 16, 75-80, 87, 111 in California red scale control, 180-181 in caribou studies, 221-222 in halibut fishery management, 145-146 in Lake Washington eutrophication control, 312 in Southern Indian Lake project, 318 in vampire bat control, 159 Propoxur, in malaria control, 194, 196 Puget Sound, Washington, toxic wastes in, 94, 302 R Rabies, 152, 158 Radioecology studies, see Nuclear radiation effects Radionuclides in environment, 331, 332, 335-338, 343-344 in food chain, 333-334, 343-344 see also Ionizing radiation; Nuclear radiation effects Random variation, and uncertainty of management projections, 90 Randomness in ecological systems, 90 Reclamation of derelict lands in Great Britain, 13, 14, 99, 248-273 agricultural techniques in, 252, 257, 267 analog studies in, 264-265 basis of predictions in, 112 committee comment on, 271-273 competition among species in, 263-264 as contribution to ecological knowledge, 267-269 environmental problems in, 250-254 and ethics of deliberate introductions, 254, 266 expert judgments in, 265-266 factors affecting growth rates in, 33 in kaolin wastes, 253 and laissez-faire attitudes, 251-252 low-productivity vegetation in, 253, 257 monitoring in, 254, 255 nutrient status affecting, 252, 256, 261, 263, 273 pilot-scale experiments in, 78
From page 386...
... , 169 Sensitivity analysis of clearcut logging effects, 352-353, 357 and management plans, 92 of nuclear radiation effects, 337-338 Sewage discharge into Lake Washington, 73, 95, 102, 302-303 Sex biases, 34-35 Sex ratios, 34-35, 36, 37 Size as indicator of age, 32-33 of habitats, 32 harvesting and, 36 Social behavior, and extinction of small populations, 70 Social interactions, 27-28, 70 Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) , 34 Soil erosion, see Erosion Soil seed banks, 259, 273 Southern Indian Lake project, 13, 14, 106, 111, 114, 317-330 analog studies of, 76 basis of predictions in, 112- 113 changes in zooplankton community, 323-324, 329 committee comment on, 328-329 compared to Siberian reservoirs, 321 effects on whitefish, 26, 318, 320, 322, 329 experimental nature of, 318 flow diversion in, 72 mercury release in, 96, 323, 329 models used in, 320 nutrient fluxes in, 64-65, 320-321 Redevelopment studies in, 319, 321 retrospective analysis of, 76, 321-326 shoreline erosion in, 320, 321, 322-323 temperature changes in, 323, 328 turbidity of water in, 65, 96, 320, 328329 Spatial factors, 3, 8-9, 16-17, 54, 68-74, 96, 99, 110
From page 387...
... , see Spotted owl conservation Strontium-90, 336 Study boundaries, establishment of, 109110 Subarctic lake, raising the level of, see Southern Indian Lake project Subsoils, nutrient-deficient, in Great Britain, 254-256, 260, 261, 262, 263 Substitutions, in ecological communities, 58 Successions, in ecological communities, 58-60, 72, 260-261 Sulfur, 63, 64 Sustainable Development of Biosphere project, 100 Sward diversification, and reclamation of derelict lands in Great Britain, 253259, 262, 263, 267 T Taxonomic collections, lack of, 86 Temporal factors, 3, 8-9, 68-74. 96, 110 Tetrachlorodiphenylethane (TDE)
From page 388...
... , in Lake Washington, 318 Typhus, DOT in control of, 359 U Uncertainty, 3, 88-92 and errors of estimation, 90-91 and lack of knowledge, 91 and natural variability, 89-90 preparation for, 17 and problem-solving, 8 and random variations, 90 sources of, 88-91 and use of monitoring studies, 79 Unit of Comparative Ecology, Sheffield University, Great Britain, 263, 265266 United Nations, 366 Upper Salmon Hydroelectric Development, and caribou protection, 205-226 U.S.-Canadian fishery agreements, 138139 V Vampire bat control, 13, 14, 27-28, 151164 anticoagulants in, 35, 155-158 committee comment on, 163-164 effectiveness of, 160 environmental problems in, 153 as experiment, 159 methods for, 154- 158 pilot studies in, 159 reproduction potential of bats, 28 research studies in, 153- 154 role of ecological knowledge in, 158159 systemic treatment of cattle in, 154-155, 157-158 INDEX topical treatment of bats in, 155-157, 158 training for procedures in, 159 vaccines in, 158 Vegetation, restoration of, see Reclamation of derelict lands in Great Britain W Walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) , in Southern Indian Lake, 322, 323 Wasps, see Aphytis species Wastelands, reclamation of, see Reclamation of derelict lands in Great Britain West Africa, experimental control of malaria in, 190-204 Whales, 28, 32 Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis)


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