Military Strategies for Sustainment of Nutrition and Immune Function in the Field (1999) / Chapter Skim
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5 Physiological and Immunological Impact of U.S. Army Special Operations Training: A Model for the Assessment of Nutritional Intervention Effects on Temporary Immunosuppression
5 Physiological and Immunological Impact of U.S. Army Special Operations Training: A Model for the Assessment of Nutritional Intervention Effects on Temporary Immunosuppression
Pages 163-184
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From page 163... ...
Based on these accepted criteria, the current military operational ration (Meal, Ready-to-Eat, MRE) has met the assessment for nutritional adequacy in a number of varied field settings over the past 10 years.
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From page 164... ...
The publicity concerning the recent research on the effect of perinatal folic acid supplementation on the incidence of congenital neural tube defects is a good example of a research finding that challenges the traditional view of nutrient adequacy. One area of active research of particular concern to this readership involves assessment of nutritional adequacy based on immune responses.
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From page 165... ...
ARMY SPECIAL OPERATIONS TRAINING 165 2. Access to young, healthy soldiers who are experiencing temporary alterations in immune responses has important implications for both military and civilian applications.
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From page 166... ...
The impact of this negative energy balance was a 14 percent decrease in body weight (Figure 5-4) and a decrease in the average body fat Tom 16 percent to 5 percent (Figure 5-5~.
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From page 167... ...
ACT OF U.S ~Y SPELL oPE^nONS FIG 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1 000 o 167 F Phase 1 - 1 - Ph~e2 - 1 - Ph~e3 - I - Ph~e4 - I 0 10 20 30 40 50 GO dam -RGR-i -RGR-II FICD~ 5-2 Calodc Untie ding Me Wager I ad Ranger II sidles. F Phase 1 - I - Phase 2 - I 3000 Phase 3 - 1 - -=e 4 - I 2000 1 000 o -1 000 -2000 -3000 -4000 -5000 0 1 0 20 30 dam -RGR-I -RGR-II F10~= 5-3 Energy balance during Me Ranger I ad Wager II sidles.
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From page 168... ...
, 1 , ! 14 16 18 20 Percent Body Fat FIGURE 5-5 Percent body fat change during the Ranger I study.
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From page 169... ...
20 10 o 169 lower limit of normal range / , Start Benning Mountain / / / / I ~ T Jungle Desert FIGURE 5-6 Serum testosterone concentration changes during the Ranger I study. 25 ~ nmol/L ~ 20 10 5 o lower limit of normal range / / / Start Desert Mid- Mountain Jungle mountain FIGURE 5-7 Serum triiodothyronine concentration changes during the Ranger I study.
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From page 170... ...
The biological 10 / O ~ -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 1 1~ 1_ 1_ 1~ Desert Mountain Swamp "Ranger I Ranger 11 FIGURE 5-8 Percent change in peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation during the Ranger I and Ranger II studies.
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From page 171... ...
This resulted in an average 12 percent body weight loss and a final average percent body fat of 8 percent (Figures 5-4 and 5-9~. The physiological impact of the increased caloric intake was also reflected in blood testosterone and T3 concentrations (Figures 5-10 and 5-1 1~.
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From page 172... ...
172 12 10 8 6 4 O I 0 2 RON41~LS~PEE Number~Soldlers OPre Post it. 1 1 1 4 6 8 1 ~ ~ ~ i 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 Percent Body Fat FIGURE 5-9 Percent body ~ cage during He Ranger II study.
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From page 173... ...
However, no significant difference in lymphocyte proliferation was measured between the two groups. Given these findings and some favorable results from specific nutrient intervention studies conducted with the SPAS as described below, USARIEM approached the RTB in February 1996 concerning possible nutrient intervention studies of Rangers in training.
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From page 174... ...
Studies Involving Special Forces Assessment and Selection Training Shortly after completing the RGR-II study, USARIEM received a request from the First Special Warfare Training Group to determine the physiological impact of SFAS training. The SFAS is a 21-d, physically and psychologically demanding course.
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From page 175... ...
7 6 4 ? 2 1 '02 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 1 1 12 >12 Pounds FIGURE 5-13 Body weight loss during the Special Forces Assessment and Selection Course.
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From page 176... ...
I ma, 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 Percent Body Fat FIGURE 5-14 Percent body fat change during the Special Forces Assessment and Selection Course. 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 o x1 0^3 2 12 20 Course Day FIGURE 5-15 Peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation during the Special Forces Assessment and Selection Course.
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From page 177... ...
After 48 hours, the response to each antigen was determined by measuring the diameters of the induration response at each of the eight tine administered sites. The test was administered at the end of the Gaining, and the induration was 140 120 100 on + co o x Q 80 60 40 20 o Pre Post Glycine -21% Pre Post Glutamine -22% FIGURE 5-16 Peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation during glutamine supplementation study with the Special Forces Assessment and Selection Course.
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From page 178... ...
The primary objective of these studies TABLE 5-1 Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Response to Tetanus Toxoid and Diphtheria Antigens at the End of Special Forces Assessment and Selection Course Results Tetanus Total Recorded > 5 mm Diphtheria > lOmm >Smm > lOmm Glutamine 30 Control 27 17 15 7 18 8
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From page 179... ...
100 c, 60 40 20 o Placebo n-32 Treatment n=40 FIGURE 5-18 Delayed-type hypersensitivity response to tetanus toxoid during antioxidant supplementation study with the Special Forces Assessment and Selection Course.
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From page 180... ...
Although the immediate application of the findings Mom these studies is with Special Operations units, the implications of the research go far beyond this select army population. Nutritional strategies that will sustain host defense mechanisms during the stress of Special Operations training have important applications to sustaining the total force.
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From page 182... ...
Is the rate of weight loss that was seen in the Special Forces over 3 weeks about the same as you find in your early work on your Rangers?
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From page 183... ...
So, I am not denying that calories are a major component, but in our situation it may be practical for us to see if we can sustain immune responses with a single nutrient or multinutrient under a caloric restricted situation. ROBERT NESHEIM: I think we will have to take just one more question and move on because we will have some time this afternoon for further discussion.
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From page 184... ...
184 RONALD L SHIPPEE RONALD SHIPPEE: I don't have access to that information.
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