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Military Strategies for Sustainment of Nutrition and Immune Function in the Field (1999) / Chapter Skim
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8 Cytokines and Nutritional Status: Possible Correlations and Investigations
Pages 221-232

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From page 221...
... This chapter will give an overview of the cytokine system and the variables to be 1 Jeffrey L Rossio, AIDS Vaccine Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, MD 21702 The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of Health and Human Services, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S.
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From page 222...
... However, when the cytokines were isolated and their amino acid sequences were determined, it was found that many molecules with diverse biological activities were, in fact, the same. So for instance, the molecule called interleukin- 1 or IL- 1 has at least 50 unique, separate names related to unique, separate biological
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From page 223...
... In recent years, the techniques of molecular biology and genetics have allowed the development of transgenic mice that overproduce individual cytokines, as well as gene knockout animals that are unable to produce specific cytokines The study of cytokine biology is complicated somewhat by the regulation imposed on in vivo cytokine activity. Cytokines are induced during the course of immunological responses, and their measured levels can correlate with the extent and nature of these responses.
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From page 224...
... , IL-8, and IL-17. T- and B-Lymphocyte Growth Factors This group is large and includes many cytokines that control the growth and differentiation of T- and B-lymphocytes, the cells that recognize foreign materials, initiate immunological responses, regulate those responses, and conduct many of the immunological effecter activities (cell killing, antibody production, etch.
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From page 225...
... -~. Cytotoxic/Cytostatic Inducers and Electors Some cytokines have direct or indirect effects resulting in the killing ot cells bearing foreign antigens, such as viral-infected cells, cells infected with intracellular parasites, or cancer cells.
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From page 226...
... Several manufacturers offer ELISA capture assays kits with all the required reagents and standards necessary to evaluate cytokines in serum or plasma. In addition, several sources sell matched antibody pairs in bulk, including a capture antibody and a biotinylated secondary antibody.
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From page 227...
... The clinical approach to cytokine use is still basically an empirical one, and testing of new cytokines must be undertaken only with great caution. Even so, the use of some cytokines, such as the hematopoietic growth factors, is already routine for some uses (e.g., enhanced recovery of white blood cells following chemotherapy for cancer)
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From page 228...
... It would be straightforward to design a study to investigate this point, along the lines of existing studies on military trainees reported at this meeting. Malnutrition and problems related to subnormal caloric intake may be evident quite early by using cytokine levels as surrogate markers of health status.
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From page 229...
... They have relatively short half lives. In order to store Cytokines themselves for shipment, if you are specifically looking for plasma cytokines, I think that the samples would have to be frozen fairly quickly.
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From page 230...
... We have a lot of experience with shipping samples across the country, and if they are shipped across the country in the winter, even in those insulated Styrofoam Federal Express mailers, the cells lose almost all the biological activity when they get cold. ARTHUR ANDERSON: We actually have been able to measure two of the signal cytokines like IFN-y or TNF.
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From page 231...
... GERALD KEUSCH: I am thinking about the complexity of the issue of cytokines in the gut. In model systems using cultured human intestinal epithelial cells in regions where the membrane forms very nice tight junctions, they will make IL-8, but it is almost all at the basal side.
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From page 232...
... Now, in some of our studies in cancer patients, we have gone to the extent of doing a double molecular filtration to remove everything with a molecular weight of over 50,000 and everything under a molecular weight of 15,000 or 10,000 with centrifugal filters to see if there were inhibitors around that were affecting our results. The conclusion of that study was that it was not worthwhile to go to the trouble of performing a double molecular filtration.
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Key Terms

  • immunological responses
  • growth factors
  • hematopoietic growth
  • immune response
  • individual cytokines

  • secondary antibody
  • immune responses
  • blood cells
  • cytokines work
  • molecular weight

  • single cytokine
  • capture assay
  • biological activity
  • cytokine production
  • factors hematopoietic

  • white blood
  • partly due
  • molecular filtration
  • cancer research
  • military trainees

  • differentiation factors
  • biotinylated secondary
  • capture antibody
  • inflammatory responses
  • using cytokine

  • double molecular
  • target cells
  • shipping samples
  • cytokines themselves
  • cytokine activity


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