Military Strategies for Sustainment of Nutrition and Immune Function in the Field (1999) / Chapter Skim
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14 Fatty Acids and Immune Functions
14 Fatty Acids and Immune Functions
Pages 305-316
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From page 305... ...
The first double bond for the n-3 series is between C3 and C4 Tom the methylene end, for Me n-6 series it is between C6 and C7, and for the n-9 series it is between C9 and C10. Examples ofthe saturated fatty acids include palmitic acid, 16:0, and stearic acid, 18:0; for the n-9 type include palmitoleic acid, 16:1n-9, and oleic acid, 18:1n-9; for the n-6 type, linoleic acid, 18:2n-6 (LA)
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From page 306... ...
A number of intervention studies regarding the effects of the amount and composition of dietary fat on human immune response have been conducted in the last decade, results from these human studies are discussed here. AMOUNT OF FAT INTAKE AND HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE Reduction in total fat intake has been found to enhance immune response (JR)
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From page 307... ...
Other factors that may explain inconsistencies between some of the results from various studies include differences in total fat intake, antioxidant nutrients, duration of feeding, and the index being examined. In the above studies regarding n-6 PUFA, the level of LA and not that of AA in the diets was changed.
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From page 308... ...
Adding flax seed oil to provide 6 ends ALA for 8 weeks to a basal diet containing 23 ends fat inhibited the PBMC proliferation and DTH response of male soldiers (Kelley et al., 1991~. The design of this study does not permit one to distinguish if this inhibition by flaxseed oil was due to increased fat intake or increased ALA intake or both.
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From page 309... ...
The inhibition of neutrophil functions by fish oils could be overcome within 10 weeks of discontinuation, while it took 20 weeks to overcome the inhibition of lymphocyte and monocyte functions. The differences in the time taken to cause or overcome inhibition are presumably due to different half-lives of various immune cells, as mentioned earlier for the total fat intake.
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From page 310... ...
CLINICAL TRIALS WITH n-3 PUFA The immuno-inhibitory effects of n-3 PUFA along with their beneficial effects for cardiovascular health prompted a number of studies with these fatty acids in the management of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The overall health of the patients was improved by fish oil supplementation in these studies, although the laboratory tests usually did not show corresponding improvements.
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From page 311... ...
Because fish oils contain both EPA and DHA, it is also important to establish the role of these fatty acids individually. The author has just completed a metabolic unit study in which the effect of adding DHA to the diets of healthy men was examined.
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From page 312... ...
AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Interaction between several factors, including total fat, its composition, and the ratios between various classes of fatty acids; duration of feeding; antioxidant nutrient status; and age and health status of the subjects determines the net effect of dietary fat on IR. Because of this complex interaction, not all individuals respond equally to changes in fat intake.
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From page 313... ...
1996. The effect on human tumor necrosis factor-a and interleukin-lp production of diets enriched in n-3 fatty acids from vegetable oil or from fish oil.
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From page 314... ...
1993. Preventing restenosis with fish oils following coronary angioplasty.
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From page 315... ...
1991. Dietary supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids decreases mononuclear cell proliferation and interleukin-lp content but not monokine secretion in healthy and insulin-dependent diabetic individuals.
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From page 316... ...
So, any of those two mechanisms could easily account for the increase in IR by the decrease in fat intake on the activity of the immune cells, in addition to eicosanoids that you mentioned. STEVE GAFFIN: A number of studies show that fish oil omega-3 fatty acids are beneficial, effective against endotoxin shock or gram negative sepsis.
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