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Pages 657-708

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From page 657...
... Activation phase, 517-519, 521 definition, 527 See also Antigen-specific immunity; Immune response (JR) Active nonspecific defense mechanisms, 512-513 See also Host defense mechanisms; Nonspecific immunity Acute-phase proteins, 43, 515 See also a1-antitIypsin; C-reactive protein (CRP)
From page 658...
... , 411, 415, 416~17, 418, 419, 421, 422 See also Glucocorticoids; Hormones Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) , 71,72,74, 189-190,394,410411,412,414,415,452,454,463, 470 See also Hormones Adrenoglucocorticoid regulation, 189190 See also Immune function Adults Vitamin A doses and toxicity, considerations for, 281-282, 28~285 See also Demographics Africa Ebola outbreak, 37, 543 measles unusual manifestations, 547 sub-Saharan, Vitamin A deficiency in, 281, 282 Age and aging, 68 bereavement and elderly subjects, immunological response to, 211 exercise and age-related immunity, studies review, 212, 37~377 immune response and, summary, 290 nutritional supplementation to boost immunity, 214 INDEX vitamin C supplementation effects on immune response, clinical trials, 263, 292-293 vitamin E supplementation effects on immune response, clinical trials, 263, 291-292 See also Demographics Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
From page 659...
... , 209 definition, 528 See also Complement system Anemia, 10 iron deficiency, supplementation for impact on infectious disease risk, 264, 328 military personnel deployment and, recommendations, 130 military recruits screening for and iron supplementation, 328-329 military women in basic combat training, iron status of, 62~3 military women recruits, prevalence of, 150 See also Diseases and disorders; Iron, dietary Anergy, 237 See also Immune response (JR) Animals adrenalectomized animals, glucocor ticoid treatment of, 418~19 See also Biological warfare resistant organisms, disease introduction/dissemination factor, 545 See also Drugs Antibodies, 233, 337, 538 definition, 528 functions of, 522-523 inflammatory reactions, participation of, 522-523 See also Antigen-specif~c immunity; Fragment-antibody (Fab)
From page 660...
... See U.S. Array Arthus reactions definition, 528 See also Allergy; Hypersensitivity Asthma INDEX Athletes and athletics, 68 exercise, practical guidelines for, 377-379immune response, infection, and exercise relationship, studies of, 365-370 infection, effects on physical performance, studies of, 373-374 marathon runners immune function effects of exertion, study findings, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 371, 372 nutrient supplements and exercise, review of studies, 378-379 sports, close-contact, and transmission of HIV, findings, 374-375 upper respiratory tract infection susceptibility and exercise, studies of, 371-373 ATSDR.
From page 661...
... vaccination Bereavement elderly persons and, immunologic responses to, 210, 21 1 See also Emotional stress; Mortality Beverages antioxidant supplementation using, Special Forces Assessment and Selection study, 178, 179 See also Food Bif dobacterium bifidum, 320 Biochemistry, 25 cytokines nature, 222 glutamine, physiologic biochemistry of, 266-268 Biologic rhythms. See Chronobiology; Chronopharmacology; Chrono therapeutics; Circadian rhythms; Circannual rhythms; Circaseptan rhythms Biological warfare military immunization against, 6 military personnel threat from bio logic agent, 140 See also Anthrax Biotechnology, 6 military personnel use of products to Bone marrow sustain immune function, risks and benefits, 106 Blood collection of, blood lymphoid cell measurement in whole-blood cul tures, experimental methods, 251 661 cytokines and markers in, development and field testing, future research, 133-134 donors of, blood lymphoid cell measurement in whole-blood cultures, experimental methods, 250 volume of, and lymphocyte proliferation in whole-blood cultures, experimental methods, 251, 253 See also Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)
From page 662...
... See Vitamin D Calories deficiency reduction effects, Norwegian Ranger Training Course, 188 intake during Ranger I and II training studies, 167 Cancer vitamin C and E supplementation effects on, study findings, 263, 290, 293 INDEX See also Breast cancer; Diseases and disorders Carbohydrates, 5, 42 exercise and Gatorade use, findings, 378-379 metabolism of, acute-phase reaction effects on, 361 Cardiomyopathy. See Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)
From page 663...
... disease, 65-66, 127,341, 548 See also Manchuria allergy, cutaneous, time-dependent changes in, 460-462 allograft rejection and, 459-460, 475 asthma, allergic, time-dependent changes in, 460-462 cell-mediated immunity, and, 439, 459-460 cytokines and their inhibitors and, rhythms in, 76-77, 362, 452-454 environmental stimuli response, effects of, 438 exercise, modification of immune system rhythms, 362, 438, 467468 food uptake, time of, effects on immune system rhythms, 362, 468469 genetically fixed biologic rhythms, 362, 437, 438, 440, 450 humoral immune response and, 77. 362, 439, 454~56 immune system and, 75-79, 362, 437-476 light-dark changes, effects on, 362, 438, 440, 459, 473 menstrual cycle, changes in immune system-related variables during, 465-466 neuroendocrine-immune system interactions, role of, 438, 440, 462, 470475 seasonal changes in immune response, 362, 440, 466-467 shift workers, biologic rhythms and, 451, 455, 464-465, 469 sleep rhythms and immunity, 362, 451, 462-465, 474-475 temperature changes and immune response, 362, 440 vaccination, effects on, 362, 456 459 white blood cells number and function, rhythms in, 76, 362, 441-452 See also Chronopharmacology; Chronotherapeutics; Circadian
From page 664...
... ; INDEX Macrophage/monocyte colony stimulating factor (MCSF) Columbia, Maryland, 308 Combat environmental factors during, immune function effects of, 101 training, physiological and immunological impact of, research objectives, 164 See also Military operations; Military personnel Commerce international, infectious disease introduction/dissemination factor, 545, 546 Committee on Military Nutrition Re search (CMNR)
From page 665...
... status and immune function, military implications, 126 iron excess and deficiency and immune status, military operations, 128 military personnel deployment and nutritional status, 127 nutritional supplements and immune function, military implications, 78, 128-129 nutritional supplements, excess use by military, safety problems, 128 nutrition and immune function, military implications, 7, 125-129 pharmacologic agents use by military, and immune function, 126 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplements and immune function, military operations, 128 stressors encountered by military and immune function, 126 vaccination (prophylactic) use by military, and immune function, 126 vitamins A, C, and E supplements and immune function, military operations, 128 Copper doses and toxicity, 113 immune function role of, 3, 4, 7, 38, 41, 42, 64-65, 113, 115, 127, 339340 military situations, special concerns in, 113 zinc interactions with, 340 See also Minerals; Nutrients 665 Corticosterone (CORT)
From page 666...
... , 141, 47O, 471 Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) , 148, 149, 177, 290, 291, 292, 307, 308, 309-310, 339, 524 antioxidant supplementation, response to tetanus toxoid, Special Forces Assessment and Selection study, 178, 179 cutaneous, use as nutritional status indicator, 209 definition, 529 skin testing, overview, 539 vitamin B and, 55 vitamin E and, 52, 53 See also Allergy; Hypersensitivity reactions disease, infectious, introduction and dissemination factors, 544-545 See also Adults; Age and aging; Children; Infants; Mortality;
From page 667...
... , 341 See also Diseases and disorders Dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) , 242 Diphtheria, 39 glutamine supplementation and delayed-type hypersensitivity response to, SPAS study, 177-178 Soviet Union, former, reemergence of, 545 See also Diseases and disorders; Infectious diseases and disorders Discrimination of self from nonself, 517 definition, 529 See also Antigen-specific immunity; Immune response (JR)
From page 668...
... See Essential fatty acids (EFAs) "Effect of Prolonged Exhaustive Military Activities on Man," 145-146 Effector phase, 517, 519, 521 definition, 530 See also Antigen-specif~c immunity; Immune response (JR)
From page 669...
... See Interleukin-1 (IL-1) England Endothelial cells, 361, 392, 422 Energy intake/expenditure deficit in military personnel, stress indices and PHA-stimulated T-cell proliferation, relation, 28, 147 immune function and, military operations/training, 21, 24, 30, 33 immune function and total intakes, conclusions, 12~127 Ranger I and II studies, results from, 166, 167 Special Forces Assessment and Selection Course studies, 175 asthma and lung function, vitamin C and E supplementation study, 296 669 bovine spongiform encephalopathy in, 545 See also Sheffield, England biologic rhythms, effects of, 362, 438, 449 biologic rhythms, effects on response to, 438 See also Desert terrain, Environmental pollution; Jungle terrain; Land use; Mountain terrain; Swamp terrain Environmental pollution combat and exposure, immune function effects, 101 immune function effects of exposure to, 81 military operations/training exposure, immune function effects, 101 See also Environment; Stress and stressors Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
From page 670...
... , 108-114 Europe glutamine supplementation effect on hospital stay, trial results, 269 northern arctic regions, extreme temperatures effects on immune function, 101 Vitamin A deficiency epidemiology, 281 Euthyroid, sick, syndrome. See Sick euthyroid syndrome Exercise acute, and immune response, 361, 36~367 age-related immunity and, study findings, 211-212,376-377 AIDS/HIV and, 375-376 chronic, and immune response, 367371 chronic, and natural killer cell activity, studies review, 367-368 chronic, and neutrophil function, studies review, 361, 368-369 chronic, and T-cell function, studies review, 361, 369-370 immune function combined effects of health, exercise, and stress, 6, 21 immune-related biologic rhythms, modification by, 362, 438, 467468, 474-475 immune response to, mechanisms behind, 36~365 immune system effect of, 67, 68-69 immunity, infection, and, relationship, 363-364 infection effect on performance and recovery ability, 67-68, 69, 361, 373-374 INDEX infection, recommendations during, 374 military personnel physical fitness maintenance and, recommendations, 129 respiratory infection incidence, immune responses, and, relationship, 211, 212 upper respiratory tract infections risk and, 361, 371-373 upper respiratory tract infections risk and, J curve, 371-373 upper respiratory tract infections risk and, public health recommendations, 373 vitamin C and E supplementation effects during, 263, 290, 296-297 See also Physical activity; Physical fitness; Stress and stressors E3c viva studies/samples, 189, 190, 236, 239, 254, 541 definition of, 235 Eye diseases and disorders Vitamin A deficiency (adult)
From page 671...
... , 165, 166, 171 See also Military training 671 Finland seasonal changes in biologic rhythms, summary, 467 First Special Warfare Training Group, 174 Fish oils fatty acids and immune function and, 58-59, 60, 309-31 1 Flight. See Airplanes Flow cytometry Food in vitro assessment of cell types, methodology review, 243-244 Fluid Replacement in Heat Stress, 132 Folic acid doses and toxicity of, 108 immune function role of, 3, 4, 7, 5( 55, 108, 127 military situations, special concerns in, 108 See also Nutrients; Vitamins deprivation of, military rations reduced consumption, immune function effects of, 100 survey of knowledge and attitudes, military operations, 24 uptake time, modification of immune-related biologic rhythms by, 362, 468~69 uptake time, shift workers biologic rhythms, 469 See also Beverages; Fish oils; Military food and rations; Oils and oilseeds; Operational rations; Vegetable oils Food and Nutrition Board (FNB)
From page 672...
... diseases and disorders Glucocorticoids, 70, 410~11, 412, 421 adrenalectomized animals treatment with, study findings, 418~19 hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, abnormal, animals with, treatment with, 417 hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and protective role of, 422-423 INDEX See also Adrenocorticosteroid (CS) ; Cortisol; Hormones Glutamine, 265-266 bacterial translocation, 270 biochemistry, physiologic, of, 26 268 bone marrow transplant patients, supplementation effects on, 263, 269-270 burn patients, supplementation effects on, 263, 268-269 doses and toxicity of, 11 ~111 gastrointestinal tract and, animal and human studies, 270~271 hypersensitivity, delayed-type, response to tetanus toxoid using supplement, SPAS study, 177-178 immune function role of, 4, 7-8, 14, 38,42,49-51, 11~111, 117, 127, 128, 268-270 infection resistance, supplementation effects on, 263, 268-269 military situations, special concerns in, 110111, 117 lymphocyte, peripheral, proliferation during supplementation, SPAS study, 174, 177 postoperative patients, supplementation effects on, 263, 269-270 supplementation and exercise, study findings, 378 See also Amino acids (AAs)
From page 673...
... See Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotypes Haptoglobin definition, 530 See also Acute-phase proteins; Proteins 673 general health status, conclusions, 126 general health status optimizing, recommendations, 8-9, 129-130 immune function, stress, and, summary, 500-503 stress and, 6, 67-81 See also Diseases and disorders; Immune function; Immune response; Immunity; Infectious diseases and disorders; Metabolism; Nutrition; Physiology; Public health Helicobacter pylori, 320 Helper cells definition, 530 See also CD4+ cells; T-cells Helsinki Declaration of 1975, Revised 1983, 250 Hemolytic uremic syndrome, 39, 545 See also Diseases and disorders; Emerging infections; Infectious diseases and disorders Hemophilus influenzas, 320 Hematopoietic growth and differentiation factors, 224, 225 See also Cytokines; Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF)
From page 674...
... See Immune function; Immune response (IR) ; Immunity 3H-thymidine, 440, 441 lymphocyte proliferation in wholeblood cultures, duration of labeling by, 254, 255, 256 Human immunodef~ciency virus (HIV)
From page 675...
... and soluble receptors assays, 54~542 deficiency, focused tests of, 538 enzyme-linked immunosorbent as say, overview, 539, 541 ex vivo measures, 44, 45, 541 field assessment methods, 11-13, 17. 20, 102-105 field conditions, assessment of dur ing, 6, 44-46 functional assays, 539 granulocyte nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction, overview, 539 hypersensitivity, delayed, skin test ing for, overview of, 539 in vitro immune assessment, meth odologies review, 240, 242-244 in viva immune assessment, method ologies review, 240, 241-242 isohemagglutinins titer, overview, 539 lymphocyte proliferation/function assays, 43, 539 methodological issues in, 235-244 military field measures, recommen dations, 132-133 military methods for evaluating im munological functions, summary, 500 military nutrition laboratory re search, methods for, 102-105 natural killer cell activity assess ment, overview of, 542 plasma and serum affect assays, overview, 540 radiolabeled chromium, in vivo re lease of, 542 rationale for, 233, 230237 secondary humoral response assess ment, overview, 537-538 serum assessment tests, overview, 537, 538-539 study design considerations, 44-46 test system selection and develop ment, 239-244 white blood cell count, assessment use of, 540~541
From page 676...
... Immune function alcohol use effects on, 66-67 altitude, high, effects on, 80 amino acids role in, 49-51 Army Ranger studies of, 18, 20, 21 Army training courses, nutrition and, 29-33 biologic rhythms in, and nutrition, 75-79 biologic rhythms in, overview, 437 476 biologic rhythms in, potential clini cal relevance, 77-78 biologic rhythms in white blood cells, 76, 362, 441~52 biotechnology products use by mili tary personnel and, risks/benefits of, 106 chronopharmacology and, 78-79, 470-475 chronotherapeutics and, 78-79, 470 475 circadian rhythms in, factors inter acting with, 78 copper effects on, animal/human studies review, 339-340 cytokines as index of, military nutri tion research ideas, 119-120 emotional stress effects on, 80-81 exercise effects on, 67, 68-69 fatty acids amount intake and, 57-59 fatty acids role in, 55-60, 305-312 glutamine and, 268-270 humidity extremes exposure in mili tary operations, effects on, 101 hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation by, 362, 411~16, 410 421 INDEX infections/injuries increases in military operations, effects on, 101 inflammatory stress and, 74-75, 362-363, 409-425 iron deficiency, effects on, 254 323-325 iron excess, effects on, 264, 325-326 military nutrition laboratory research methods, 17, 20, 102-105 military operations and nutrients, special concerns for, 108-113 military operations, environmental factors during, effects on, 101 military operations, nutritional supplements for, safety/regulatory considerations for, 18, 20, 107 118 military operations, nutrition and, military operational missions applications of, 1, 2, 22-29 military operations, rations reduced consumption during, effects on, 100 military operations, stress factors and compromise of, 17, 18, 20, 21, 100-101 military operations, stress factors and, research, 22-29 military operations, stress factors and, study models, 144-146 military operations sustainment of, and nutrition, viii-ix, 100-121 military personnel biotechnology products use for, risks/benefits of, 106 military personnel, nutritional intervention for, risks/benefits of, 18, 20, 105 minerals, trace, effects on, 6006, 264, 337-351 neuroendocrine system and, bidirectional communication of, 409-411 neuroendocrine system and, biologic rhythms effects on relationship, 438, 440, 462, 470-475 I
From page 677...
... ; Immunity; Immunoglobulin; Im munosuppression; Interleukins; Lymphocytes; Monocytes; Neuro peptide function; Phagocytes; Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) Immune response (JR)
From page 678...
... ; Immune assessment; Immune complex reactions; Immune function; Immunity; Memory; Self-limitation; Specificity Immunity, 4, 42, 120 definition, 511, 531 exercise, chronic, and, studies review, 367-371 exercise, infection, and, relationship, introduction, 363-364 infections, emerging, and nutritional status and, 37-39, 543-548 nutrients, immunostimulant, 214 nutritional fixes and superimmunity, 148-150 nutritional supplements/intervention use to boost, 206, 213-214 overview of, 238-239, 511-524 sleep, biologic rhythms of, and, 462465 See also Acute-phase reactions; Antibodies; Antigen-specific immunity; Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) ; Complement system; Diseases and disorders; Health; Humoral immunity (HI)
From page 679...
... , 455, 456, 537 definition, 53 1 See also Antibodies Immunoglobulin M (IgM) , 455, 456 definition, 532 See also Antibodies Immunology, 222 Immunology Army Special Operations Training impact, research objectives, 164165 Army Special Operations Training impact, research results, 165-178 679 elderly persons and bereavement, responses to, 210, 211 elderly persons and exercise, responses to, 21 1 nutritional status indicators, use of immunological tests, 209 See also Immunity Immunosuppression military operational stressors, inflammatory responses to, 141-144 peripheral, induction by inflammatory/immune/infectious stress, 362, 421-425 temporary, nutritional intervention effects on, Army Special Operations Training, assessment model, 163-178 temporary, nutritional intervention effects on, Special Forces Assessment and Selection, assessment model, 174-178 temporary, Ranger training nutritional effects on, assessment model, 165-174 See also Immune response (JR)
From page 680...
... ; Bovine spongiform enceephalopathy Inflammation INDEX (B SE) ; Dengue; Dengue hemorrhagic fever; Diarrheal diseases; Diphtheria; Diseases and disorders; Ebola; Ebola-Reston; Emerging infections; Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)
From page 681...
... Injuries, 26 military operations increases in, immune function effects of, 101 See also Burns; Diseases and disorders Innate immunity. See Nonspecific immunity Institute of Medicine (IOM)
From page 682...
... ; Interleukin- 12 (IL- 12~; Interleukin-13 (IL-13~; Interleukin-14 (IL-14~; Interleukin-lS (IL1S) ; Lymphokines In vitro studies/samples, 143, 144, 148, 149, 170, 178, 188, 189, 190, 235, 236, 237, 239, 240, 268, 269, 270, 292,293,306,308,309,310,311, 322, 323, 324, 325,326, 338, 378, 412, 420, 437, 445-446, 454, 464, 472, 473, 539 blood lymphoid cells functional activity measurement, whole-blood cultures use, 233, 249-259 cytokine production in whole-blood cultures, experiments methods/ results, 257-259 effecter cell response development, immune response assessment methodologies, 243 flow cytometry assessment of cell types, methodology, 243-244
From page 683...
... , 65~6, 127, 341, 342 See also Diseases and disorders lIantavirus pulmonary syndrome in, 544, 546 Korean hemorrhagic fever. See Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)
From page 684...
... See Eicosanoids Light-dark changes biologic rhythms and, 362, 438, 440, 459, 473 Linoleic acid (n-6 PUFA) , 305-306 immune function and, 55, 118 intake amount and immune function, 57-58 intake amount and immune response, 307-308 See also Fatty acids; Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)
From page 685...
... , 225 definition, 529 See also Colony stimulating factors; Cytokines; Hematopoietic growth and differentiation factors; Monocytes Macrophages, 41, 361, 392, 422 biologic rhythms and, 438, 459, 466 definition, 533 viral infections resistance, and, 547 See also Chemotactic agents; Monocytes; Phagocytes Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotypes, 238, 519, 520, 521 Class I molecules, 520, 534 Class II molecules, 520, 534 definition, 533-534 See also Proteins Malaria China-Burma, incidence in World War II troops, 23, 140 parasitemia, iron supplementation and increases in, 327-328 splenomegaly prevalence as indicator of clinical malaria frequency, 327 See also Diseases and disorders; Infectious diseases and disorders Malnutrition, 2, 3, 18, 20, 40, 43, 105 cytokine-induced, 140 immune responses to, 207 T-cells in malnourished v.
From page 686...
... effects on, 105 iron metabolism, overview, 3 18-319 See also Catabolism; Health; Nutrition Methodology, 2, 11-13 cytokine, circulating, assays, issues concerning, 540 cytokine production in vitro, use of whole-blood cultures, experiment methods, 257-259 effecter cell response development, in vitro assessment, 243 field measures, 1 1-13, 102-105, 132-133 flow cytometry in vitro assessment of cell types, 243-244 immune function and nutrition, future research recommendations, 133-134 immune function assessment, issues in, 102-105, 132-133 immune response assessment, methodologies review, 233, 242-244 in vitro assessment of immune response, 240, 242-244 in vivo assessment of immune response, 241-242 lymphocyte proliferation in vitro measurement, whole-blood cultures use, experiment methods, 25 1-257 military awareness of civilian research, recommendations, 133 military nutrition laboratory research methods, 102-105 proliferative response, in vitro assessment, 242-243 research protocols design, recommendations, 133 soluble interleukin receptors release in vitro, measurement use of whole-blood cultures, experiment methods, 258-259
From page 687...
... Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM) Military research cytokines as immune function index, research ideas, 1 19-120 disease conditions and long-term host defense, research ideas, 120 immune function assessment, appropriate methods, 102-105 immune function assessment, methodological issues, 102-105 immune function assessment, technical issues for, 102-103 immune function sustainment under stressful conditions, research ideas, 1 19-121 nutrition laboratory research methods, 17, 20, 102-105 nutritional supplement use by military personnel, research ideas, 119 operational rations supplementation, research on justification for, 1 19120 stress factors and sustainment of immune function, research ideas, 1 19-120 stress factors, operational, military study models, 144-146 women, military, and immune function, research areas, 12~121 See also Military personnel; Research Military operations cytokines (recombinant)
From page 688...
... status and immune function during, conclusions, 126 health (general) status optimization for, recommendations, 129-130 high-risk military groups, nutrition education program, recommendations, 130~131 humidity extremes exposure during, immune function effects, 101 immune function and nutrition during, conclusions, 125-129 immune function and nutrition during, future research recommendations, 133-134 immune function and nutrition during, recommendations, 129-133 immune function and nutrition during, research methodology, 132133 immune function assessment field measures, conclusions and recommendations, 126, 132-133 infection/injury increases during, immune function effects, 101 iron excess/deficiency and immune function during, conclusions, 128 medicines and procedures use during, conclusions and recommendations, 126, 129 nutrients and immune function effects of, conclusions, 127 nutrition and immune function sustainment during, 1, 100-121 nutritional status and immune function during, conclusions, 126-128 nutritional status optimization during, recommendations for, 130131 nutritional supplements and immune function during, conclusions, 128129 nutritional supplements and Military Recommended Dietary Allowance for, recommendations, 131 nutritional supplements in rations for, recommendations, 131 nutritional supplements use during, conclusions and recommendations, 128, 131-132 nutritional supplements use during, safety/regulatory considerations, 18, 20, 108-1 13 physical activity (prolonged moderate-to-heavy)
From page 689...
... ; Military food and rations; Operational rations Military Recommended Dietary Allowance (MRDA) , 7, 10, 105, 107, 108-114, 116, 117, 127, 128, 130, 131 See also Military food and rations; Military personnel, Operational rations; Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
From page 690...
... Army Special Operations Training Program Minerals, 23, 6066, 264 See also Copper; Iron, dietary; Nutrients; Selenium; Zinc Mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLRs) , 446 See also Lymphocytes Models and modeling Army Special Operations Training nutritional intervention effects assessment, 163-178 military, immune function effects of operational stressors, 14~146 Ranger training studies of nutritional intervention, 165-174 Special Forces Assessment and Selection Training studies of nutritional intervention, 174-178 Monocyte colony stimulating factor (MC SF)
From page 691...
... Neutrophils, 42, 319, 324, 325, 450, 464, 467 biologic rhythms and, 443, 450 definition, 53~535 exercise, chronic, and function of, studies review, 361, 368-369 See also Defensins; White blood cells (WBC) Neutrophil-activating peptide.
From page 692...
... "Effect of Prolonged Exhaustive Military Activities on Man" workshop, 145-146 North Carolina. See Fort Bragg, North Carolina Norwegian Defense Research Establishment, 143 Norwegian Military Academy, 33, 137, 185, 186 Norwegian Ranger Training Course adrenoglucocorticoid regulation of phagocyte function, animal studies, 189-190 calorie deficiency, effect of reducing, 188 catecholamines effects during, 189 INDEX granulocyte functions during, 187188 immune function and nutrition and, studies, 31-32, 33-35, 101, 185190 immune function parameter changes, 186-187 immunoglobulin plasma levels during, 187 interleukins during, 187 leukocyte number changes during, 186-187 lymphocyte mitogenic response during, 187 monocytes pattern during, 188 neuropeptide effect during, 188-189 nutritional intervention studies, 137 operational stress, military models of, 145 phagocyte function changes during, 187-188 phagocyte function regulation by adrenoglucocorticoid, animal studies, 189-190 vasoactive intestinal peptide changes during, 188-189 Not Eating Enough, 30 Nucleotides coxsackievirus evolution and selenium deficiency, changes in, animal studies review, 349 Null cells definition, 535 See also Lymphocytes Nurses' Health Study, 295 Nutrients, 2,3, 4, 10-11, 41, 42 .
From page 693...
... . decencies In, Immune responses to, 206, 207-209 dengue hemorrhagic fever role of, studies review, 547 immune function and, Army's interest, 22-29, 139-152 immune function and, assessment rationale, 237 immune function and, general concepts, 206, 498-500 immune function and, military evaluation methods, summary, 500 immune function and, military field operations, viii-ix, 1, 22-29, 100121 immune function and, military implications, conclusions, 125-129, 362, 497-500 immune function and, military implications, future research recommendations, 133-134, 503-506 immune function and, military implications, recommendations, 129133 immune function role of, 10-82, 4667, 205-214 immune response and, interaction, current knowledge, 36-37 immune system biologic rhythms and, 75-79 immunological tests as indicators of, 209 infections, emerging, role of, 37-39, 545-548 iron status and infection susceptibility, overview, 264, 317-318 military personnel (deployed)
From page 694...
... See Fish oils; Vegetable oils Oils and oilseeds fatty acids and immune function and, 55, 58, 308-309 Operational missions, military. See Military operations Operational rations, 2, 5, 6, 10~11, 18, 20 Army Special Operations Training, nutritional intervention and immunosuppression, 163-178 modification of, cautionary note, 118 reduced consumption of, immune function effects, 100 supplementation and immune function, research on justification for, 119-120 supplementation of, recommendations, 131 See also Long-Life Ration Packet (LLRP)
From page 695...
... See Antibiotics; Drugs; Vaccines and vaccination Physical activity immune response, factors influencing, 210-21 1 moderate-to-heavy and prolonged during military operations, immune function effects, 100, 142143 women, physically active, arid immune function, civilian research and military use, 14, 134 See also Exercise; Stress and stressors Physical fitness, 9 military personnel maintenance, recommendations, 129 See also Exercise; Physical activity Physiology Army Special Operations Training impact on, 163-178 Ranger training impact on, studies results, 165-174 Special Forces Assessment and Selection impact on, studies results, 17~178 See also Health Phytohemagglutinin (PHA)
From page 696...
... See Inflammatory cytokines INDEX Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) , 4, 7,38,41,42,305-306 doses and toxicity of, 110, 111 immune function role of, 55-56, 105, 110, 111, 118, 127 intake amount and immune function.
From page 697...
... Recommendations, 8-13, 18 anemia, nutritional, treatment prior to military deployment, 130 health and nutritional status optimization, military operations, 8-10, 129-13 1 immune function future research recommendations for military, 1314, 133-134 immune responses, nutritionally induced, field measures military research, 132-133 lean body mass significant losses and military deployment, 130 military increased use of civilian research on immune function and nutrition, 133 nutrition education programs development for high-risk military personnel, 130~131 nutritional supplement and Military Recommended Dietary Allowance, 131 nutritional supplement provision through military rations, 131 nutritional supplements use and abuse by military personnel, military concerns, 131-132
From page 698...
... sleep Reproductive system. See Menstrual cycle Research Army Special Operations Training physiological and immunological impact, objectives, 163-165 Army Special Operations Training physiological and immunological impact, results, 165-178 civilian research use by military, recommendations, 133, 134 immune function future research recommendations for military, 1314, 18, 133-134 infection increased susceptibility, mechanisms of, Army-USDA cooperative research data, 140148 iron status influence on infection risk, future recommendations, 134 INDEX military use of civilian research, recommendations, 133, 134 nutrients influence on immune status, future recommendations, 134 nutrition and immune function, military implications, new directions for, 503-506 nutritional intervention effects on immunosuppression, assessment model, 163-178 nutritional supplements, publicized findings of Army research, 150 152 protocols design, recommendations, 13, 133 Ranger training physiological/immunological impact, studies re sults, 165-174 Special Forces Assessment and Selection physiological/immunological impact, studies results, 17~178 women (physically active)
From page 699...
... Selenium China, endemic juvenile cardiomyopathy (Keshan disease) and deficiency, 6506, 548 deficiency, role in viral evolution, 547-548 doses and toxicity, 113-114 immune function role of, 3, 4, 7, 38, 42, 6506, 113-114, 115, 127, 340351 military situations, special concerns in, 113-114 pathogen virulence, effect on, animal studies review, 264, 338, 341-351 See also Minerals; Nutrients Self-limitation, 517 definition, 536 See also Antigen-specific immunity; Immune response (JR)
From page 700...
... See Arthus South America reactions; Urticaria Skin tests, 241, 242, 460J,61, 539 See also Multi-test CMI; Purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test Sleep 281 biologic rhythms of, and immunity, Soviet Union 462-465 deprivation, effects on biologic rhythms, 464-465, 47~1 475 deprivation, effects on response to influenza virus, animal study, 465 deprivation, immune function and, military operations/training, 30, 32, 101, 142 deprivation, immune function effects of, 80 deprivation in military training, biologic rhythms and immune re sponse, 362, 474~75 wakefulness and, patterns in, bio logic rhythms in, 451, 464 465 See also Rapid eye movement (REM)
From page 701...
... Sports. See Athletes and athletics Staphylococcus aureus, 55, 268 Streptococcalpneumonia, 166 Streptococcus, 177 Streptococcus mutans, 320 Streptomyces cerevisiae, 320 Stress and stressors cytokines potential for assessing effects on immune function, 203 health and, 67-81 hormonal responses to, 69-70 immune function effects of combined stressors, 6, 81 immune function, health status, and, summary, 50~503 immune function sustainment under, military nutrition research areas, 1 19-121 military high-risk personnel, nutrition education programs for, recommendations, 13013 1 military operational settings and immune function, 10~101 military operational stressors, immune suppression and inflammatory responses, 141-144 military operational stressors, models for studying, 14~146 military personnel and immune function, conclusions, 126 701 military personnel energy deficit relation to stress indices and Tlymphocyte proliferation, 147 See also Altitude, high; Emotional stress; Environmental pollution; Exercise; Humidity; Oxidative stress; Physical activity; Psychological stress; Sleep; Temperature; Tobacco use Substance abuse.
From page 702...
... well-nourished subjects, proportion in, 208 proliferation, 170171 proliferation and energy deficit, military personnel, 28, 147 See also Antigen-specific immunity; CD4+ cells; CD8+ cells; Cell mediated immunity (CMI) ; Effec tor cells; Helper cells; Lympho cytes; Suppressor cells; T-cell growth factors Technology advances in, infectious disease intro duction/dissemination factor, 545 immune function assessment meth ods, technical issues, 102-103 See also Biotechnology Temperature blood, whole, cultures use, holding/ shipping effects on lymphocyte proliferation, 25~257 extremes, military operations expo sure to, immune function effects Thyroxine (T4)
From page 703...
... , 225 See also Cytokines; Cytotoxic/cytostatic inducers and effecters Uganda. See Kampala, Uganda United Nations, 545 Korean War, troops in, and Korean hemorrhagic fever, 544 United States Southwest, Four Corners Region, Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in, 546 Vitamin A deficiency epidemiology, 281, 282 Unsaturated fatty acids, 305-306 See also Fatty acids Upper respiratory infections (URI)
From page 704...
... Army Ranger Training Courses, 9, 18, 22, 34, 80, 81, 119, 130, 137, 144-145, 146, 163 body fat percent change during studies, 168, 172 body weight percent change during studies, 168 caloric intake during studies, 167 energy balance during studies, 167 energy deficit relation to stress indices and T-lymphocyte proliferation, 147 energy expenditure during studies, 166 infection rates in, 149 Norwegian Ranger training program studies comparison, 34 nutritional intervention effects on temporary ~mmunosuppress~on, studies results, 165-174 peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation change during studies, 170 physiological and immunological impact of, studies results, 165-174 Ranger I Course (RGR-I) , 5-6, 21, 22,24-26,27,28,29-30,31-32, 33, 110, 120, 147, 148, 149 Ranger II Course (RGR-II)
From page 705...
... Army U.S. Army Special Operations Training Program, 3, 18, 22, 81, 177 nutritional intervention effects on temporary immunosuppression, assessment model, 163-178 physiological and immunological impact of, research objectives, 16~165 physiological and immunological impact of, research results, 165178 See also Military training; Special Forces Assessment and Selection (SEAS)
From page 706...
... See Microbes; Microbial virulence; Viral evolution Vitamin A, 263 adults, considerations for, 28~285 deficiency, adult, clinical manifesta tions, 280 deficiency, adult, epidemiology, 28~281 deficiency, adult, review of, 281 282 deficiency in children/infants, 263, 280-281, 283-284 doses and toxicity of, 109-110, 28( 285 eye disorders in adults, clinical Vitamin C manifestations of deficiency, 280 immune function role of, 3, 4, 7, 8, 38, 41, 42, 51-52, 105, 107, 109 110, 114, 117, 127, 134, 279-285 immunodeficiency disorder (nutri tionally acquired) , characterization as, 263, 283-284 infants, deficiency risks for, sum mary, 263, 28~281 lactating women, deficiency risks for, 263, 28~281, 282 military situations, special concerns in, 109-110 INDEX military supplementation, cortclusions, 128 pregnancy, deficiency risks for, 263, 280-281, 282 Recommended Dietary Allowance of,281 women of childbearing age, risks to, 285 See also Nutrients; Vitamins Vitamin B 1 doses and toxicity of, 108 immune function role of, 4, 38, 55, 108 military situations, special concerns in, 108 See also Nutrients; Vitamins vitamin B2 immune function role of, 38 See also Nutrients; Vitamins vitamin B6, doses and toxicity of, 108 immune function role of, 3, 4, 7, 38, 42, 5~55, 108, 127 military situations, special concerns in, 108 See also Nutrients; Vitamins vitamin B12 doses and toxicity of, 108 immune function role of, 7, 42, 5 55, 108, 127 military situations, special concerns in, 108 See also Nutrients; Vitamins aging effects of supplementation, clinical trials, 263, 292-293 AIDS/HIV effects of supplementation, animal and human study findings, 263, 290, 29~295 asthma and lung function effects of supplementation, 263, 295-296 cancer effects of supplementation, experimental/epidemiological study findings, 263, 290, 293 doses and toxicity of, 108-109
From page 707...
... , 25, 31, 108, 114, 225 biologic rhythms in number and function of, 76, 362, 441-452, 465 immune function assessment tests using, overview, 538, 540, 541 white cell counts, 11, 13 See also Basophil; Blood; Eosinophil; Monocytes; Neutrophils WHO. See World Health Organization (WHO)
From page 708...
... See Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) Yersinia, 320, 322, 327 Yersinia enterocolitica, 62, 326-327 Yersinia Testis, 321-322 Zinc copper interactions with, summary, 340 dose-response curve to assess recommended intake, 209, 210 doses and toxicity of, 112-113 immune function role of, 3, 4, 7, 38, 41, 63-64, 112-113, 115, 127, 337-339 military situations, special concerns in, 112-113 See also Minerals; Nutrients


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