Military Strategies for Sustainment of Nutrition and Immune Function in the Field (1999) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
2 Committee Responses to Questions
2 Committee Responses to Questions
Pages 99-124
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From page 99... ...
Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM) to study immune status in Special Forces troops.
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From page 100... ...
The week-long Norwegian Ranger training studies with heavy exercise and limited sleep did not demonstrate significant weight loss or alterations in immune function, whereas the U.S. Ranger I study of 8- to 9-week duration demonstrated a greater weight loss (14 percent of body weight)
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From page 101... ...
, particularly when coupled with stressful physical activity, may result in some compromise of the immune system. Short periods of severe caloric and sleep deprivation appear to have less adverse effect on immune function than a more prolonged period with greater weight loss (caloric deficit)
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From page 102... ...
If necessary, some preparatory steps, such as harvesting cells from blood, may be performed in rudimentary makeshift labs and the samples sent under controlled conditions to a central facility for completion of analysis. A fourth but related consideration is the choice of laboratory for sample analysis.
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From page 103... ...
First, under controlled conditions, normal healthy individuals can be studied; after an appropriate baseline period, a nutritional perturbation can be imposed and the changes in immune responses from baseline determined. This approach allows single nutrient or environmental perturbations to be studied while many other factors that also cause immune dysfunction are controlled.
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From page 104... ...
Based on standardized test panels recommended by government agencies or private-sector scientists, the committee suggests the following. If clinical signs of infection are present or there has been significant weight loss induced by nutritional stress, a simple-touse basic screening panel of immune function tests such as CRP protein, ESR, a baseline battery (testing six or more antibody titers for several previously administered military vaccines, immunoglobulins G
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From page 105... ...
and amino acids (AAs) , has shown that their apparent ability to modulate immune status may be mediated by their effects on cytokines, at least under some conditions, but many questions remain regarding the efficacy of these nutrients in amounts that exceed Military Recommended Dietary Allowance (MRDA)
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From page 106... ...
Further, the use of anti-inflammatory drugs for the management of minor traumas or infections (for example, upper respiratory tract infections) is well recognized and provides for sustained military performance during severe training exercises and operational missions.
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From page 107... ...
Expert Consultation examined upper safe levels for trace minerals and concluded that the toxicity and the potential for nutrient-nutrient interactions must be considered individually. Risks of pathology resulting from such interactions are higher when intakes of other essential nutrients with which they interact are low or
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From page 108... ...
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From page 109... ...
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From page 116... ...
In a military situation, it is likely that the potential reduction in immune function due to iron deficiency is of more significance than any effects of iron overload. Because of their higher iron requirement and lower intake of operational rations, the iron intake of female soldiers may be lower than recommended in the MRDA, increasing their risk for iron deficiency anemia.
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From page 117... ...
However, before it would be appropriate to consider providing supplemental glutamine to soldiers in training or deployment situations, it will first be necessary to demonstrate in a healthy population the benefits of providing glutamine at levels significantly greater than those normally obtained in the diet. The results of one military study presented at the workshop showed no beneficial effects of glutamine supplementation on immune function parameters.
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From page 118... ...
may reduce the risk of heart disease and be beneficial in treating autoimmune diseases, their increased intake may reduce immune function, raise the dietary requirement for vitamin E, and affect blood clotting mechanisms (especially n-3 fatty acids)
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From page 119... ...
The magnitude of stressrelated increases in the production of proinflammatory cytokines can be determined in whole-blood stimulation assays and possibly in 24-h urinary samples obtained during periods of stress, infectious illness, and/or trauma; however, the practicality and validity of urinary cytokine measures for field research studies must be determined.
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From page 120... ...
A key question involving the immune status of Special Forces troops is how acute nutrient deprivation during training may influence host defense on a longterm basis, and whether temporary nutritional and immune deficits incurred during training may produce long-term vulnerability (see recommendation in the CMNR's report of Ranger I studies [IOM, 19923~. Research also will be needed to determine if cytokine-induced losses of essential body nutrients are important concerns in military personnel exposed to other nonnutritional stresses.
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From page 121... ...
A report of the Committee on the Prevention, Detection, and Management of Iron Deficiency Anemia Among U.S. Children and Women of Childbearing Age, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine.
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From page 122... ...
Army Ranger Training Class 11/91. A brief report of the Committee on Military Nutrition Research, Food and Nutrition Board.
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From page 123... ...
1997b. Vitamin E supplementation and in vivo immune response in healthy elderly subjects.
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From page 124... ...
Prevention of iron deficiency.
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