Effective Manning of the U.S. Merchant Fleet (1984) / Chapter Skim
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3. Status and Manning of the U.S. Merchant Fleet
3. Status and Manning of the U.S. Merchant Fleet
Pages 9-28
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From page 9... ...
S . merchant fleet had dropped to eleventh place, with 578 ships representing 2 .
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From page 10... ...
10 O .- ~ ' ~ V ID ~ ~7 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O ~ O o ~ ~ o o ~ ~ ~ ~ o = - · ~ ~ ~ ~ · · · · · — ~ ~ ~ ~ · - ~ ~ `: to ~ ~ ~ `: ,_, ~0 3 ~ 3 o .
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From page 11... ...
1970 - 1, 479 15.44 301 7. 83 1975 612 8.17 279 9.43 1980 553 7.87 310 16.10 1983 308 6.64 233 14.22 SOURCE: Employment Report of the United States Flag Merchant Fleet Oceangoing Vessels 1, 000 Gross Tons and Over, annual, U
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From page 12... ...
These trends include a gradual decline in the number of deep-sea vessels, the number of vessel operating companies, and average crew sizee Obviously, if the above-noted long-run trends continue, they will result in a smaller active seafaring labor force. At the same time, the total number of retired mariners to whom pension benef its are owed will increase substantially; concurrently, the amount of contr ibutions to pension plans will decrease.
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From page 13... ...
Productivity improvements have helped soften operating cost disadvantages. While the general cargo fleet declined from 403 ships in 1971 to 303 ships in 1976, ton-miles of cargo carried increased 11 percent (National Research Council, 1976)
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From page 14... ...
Most dry-bulk coastwise and noncontiguous domestic cargo is carried on barges. Table 4 excludes barge operations, which are ixreasir~ly important because of their lower capital and operating costs.
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From page 15... ...
, modern large container ship, and modern large tanker. In the examples in Table 8, manning costs range from 15 to 30 percent of the vessel operating cost.
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From page 17... ...
17 '51 c C c o of c o CO o Cal e · c Cal :~ ¢ ED _~ Cal .
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From page 18... ...
18 CJ~ 1 ~ US 1 1 Jo 1 r— r_ ~ 1 o cad Jo 0 ~ use 1 so — ~ ,_ 1 ~ U]
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From page 19... ...
Estimated Daily Vessel Expensed Wages & f r inge benef its Subsistence Stores, supplies, equipment Maintenance & repair Insurance Fuel Debt Service Other TOTAL Wages & fringe benefits Subs istence Stores, supplies, equipment Maintenance & repair Insuranc e Fuel Debt Service Other TOTAL Wages ~ fringe benefits S ubs istence Stores, supplies, equipment Maintenance & repair Insurance Fuel Debt Servic e Other TOPAL Wages & fringe benefits Subs istence Stores, supplies, equipment Maintenance & repair Insurance Fuel Debt Service Othe r TOTAL $ 9,765 340 543 1,551 1,004 17,700 1,109 110 $32~122 S10,730 332 724 2~069 1~750 28~800 9,657 140 $54J 2~) 2 S10~535 357 616 2~740 2,504 31~500 45 t 205 205 $93,722 S 8,300 230 830 2,765 2,092 24,000 17,260 145 SS~ t 622 calculated at 15 percent per annum
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From page 20... ...
The manning level of a particular ship may change if any of these var tables change. The governing documents concerning a vessel' s manning are: Coast Guard Certificate of Inspection, which specifies a minimum level; Marit ime Administration approval of a manning level, if the vessel operates under subsidy or has been built with the aid of government funding guarantees; and union-management agreements.
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From page 21... ...
The classifications of unlicensed mariners are set by statute which merely recognizes preexisting customary capacities, established by Coast Guard regulations' and based on tradition or felt need. The statutes refer to cable seaman,.
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From page 22... ...
A recent Coast Guard circular, NVC 3-83, recommends certain minimal training for ordinary seamen and other entry ratings before they go to sea. The Coast Guard will allow some of the billets normally f filled by able bodied seamen to be replaced by these specially trained ordinary seamen.
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From page 23... ...
The other government agency concerned with vessel manning is the Mar itime Administration. The Mar itime Administration approves the subsidizable manning level of every vessel receiving an operating differential subsidy (ODS)
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From page 24... ...
TRAINING Mar itime training in the United States is accomplished at mar itisne academies and industry training schools. Generally, licensed officers come from maritime academies through the ranks after receiving companyor union-sponsored training at a training school.
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From page 26... ...
Similarly some unlicensed mariners hold Coast Guard ratings in both deck and engine departments. It is indicative of the general state of the mar itime industry in the United States that only 14 to 50 percent of the 1983 graduating classes of the mar itime academies sailed as of f icer s in the merchant mar ine upon graduation.
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From page 27... ...
{Jndoubtedly, there are other developments concerning the introduction of effective manning practices into the U.S.-flag fleet as the result of competition and especially competitive opportunities, but there is not much hard evidence in the public domain, except in cases where new ships have been constructed.
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