Emergency and Continuous Exposure Limits for Selected Airborne Contaminants Volume 1 (1984) / Chapter Skim
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Chloroform
Chloroform
Pages 57-76
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From page 57... ...
It arises mainly from "off-gassing" of adhesives and plastics and possibly from medical uses (National Research Council, 1970~. Although the resulting concentrations are low, the process of chlorinating water yields chloroform at a few parts per billion.
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From page 58... ...
( 1974) fed chloroform to pregnant rats at 20 mg/kg per day for 10 d without effect on the dams; 50 mg/kg appeared to cause fatty changes.
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From page 59... ...
Chronic Exposure Several studies describing long-term oral administration of chloroform are available, but they were designed to evaluate carcinogenic response and have limited value in evaluating noncarcinogenic effects. They are discussed in the following section.
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From page 60... ...
Data are available from long-term studies in rats, mice, and dogs fed a toothpaste base containing chloroform (Heywood et al., 1979; Palmer _ al., 1979; Roe et al., 1979~. Rats, mice, and dogs were fed_ _ lower doses than those used in the NCI bioassay study.
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From page 61... ...
Adenomas in the renal cortex and hypernephromas regarded as possibly malignant occurred in male mice fed 60 mg/kg per day, but not 17 mg/kg per day (Roe et al., 1979~. The importance of these tumors in indicating a carcinogenic effect is not clear, inasmuch as they had not spread to other organs and have since been observed in control mice of the same strain (ICI-Swiss)
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From page 62... ...
In contrast with the lack of genotoxic activity of chloroform at carcinogenic doses, cytotoxicity observed histopathologically and indicated by increased DNA synthesis (regeneration after cellular death) was marked in the 1 iver and kidneys of mice that received carcinogenic doses (Reitz et al., 1980; Moore et al., 1980~.
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From page 63... ...
, or about 1 mg/kg per day. Gavaged mice exposed at 60 mg/kg per day developed tumors; those exposed at 17 mg/kg per day did not.
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From page 64... ...
14,420-16,48() NGa Limited narcotic Lehman and concentration Flush ( 1443 4,120 Fainting sensation; vomiting 1,483 Dizziness and salivation after a few minutes 1, 030 Dizziness, intracranial pressure, and nausea in 7 mini after-effect of fatigue and headache for several hours 391 Tolerated for 3C, min without complaint 206-3n' Lowest concentration detected by smell aNOe given, except as liseed under "effecte.
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From page 65... ...
postpartum day, vomiting, jaundice; increased puree ant temperature; died on Sth postpartum day Drowey, awe 11 ing of hants, jaundice; coma; increased temperature and pulse; extreme hyphened; no vomiting; died 5th postpartum day Drowey, jaundice; cow on 4th day, muscular twitching; increased tea'.ere ~cure' vomiting; died on 6th postpartum day - 65 on 5th toy; blood HPIl: IS7 leg; amino acid nitrogen: S.2ug S; urine: acid, al~b~in, red blood celle' pue, high urobilinogen; liver: soft, yellow, advanced necrosis, and fatty degeneration; kidneys: swollen, fatty deposits, necros is; heart: fatty degeneration blood urea: 105 mg/IOO cc Gibberd on 2nd tay; 360 mg/~OO cc (1935) on 5eh day; plasm b icarbonate: 0.003 m; urine: uric ac id, albumin pus, 2.351 urea on 3rd day; liver: yellow, mottled, soft, diffuse centrilobular necrosis, fat mostly in periphery Blood O
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From page 66... ...
TABLE 14 (cons 'd) Age, Yr Dosage 24 Unspec if fed 3S 2 doses, unspec if fed 23 2 doses, unspec if fed Laboratory Test Ef facts Rest less; del irium ; coma; jaundice; drowey, increased temperature; muse le twitching; no vomi t ing; recovered Brows Incas, mental confus ion , coma, jaundice, tenderness over liver, lliccupe; restless, no v~iting; recovered Jaundice; nausea; general weakening; ~ I ight ic torus; recovered - 66 And Autopsy Findings Ref.
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From page 67... ...
Of liver (1963) 200 ppe 4 h So~ liver necrosis, incress" SOCT activity Rat 85 ppe 7 h/d S Male: increseed aortality Toricelson 5 t/wk, 6 ao (pneueonis)
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From page 68... ...
re let ion So~ liver and kidne' effects, but not considered signficane, becaus. no dose~response relation Ma1~: So~ eubular nephritis; female: some tubuler nephritis and li~rer and other kidne, effects (no doseresponse relation)
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From page 69... ...
T"t.E 1 6 Suaver' of CarcinoRenicity Studies of Chloroform Carried Out at Hunt ingdon Research Center Dosage, HO agfk8 Animals Duration of Excess of Species per de,. ~1e Fe~le Exposure Neoplasme Reference Rat: Spregue/Dew1~?
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From page 70... ...
TABLE 1 7 Interspecies Comparisons of Chloroform Excretiona CHC13 Exc refed Oral Dose, Unchanged, Spec ies mg/kg ~ of dose Ref . Mouse 60 6 Brown et al.
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From page 71... ...
TABLE 1 8 Chloroform Inhalation Exposure Limits Institution Kind of Limit Concentration Reference ACGIHTLV-TWA 10 ppm ACGTH (1980) OSHACeiling 50 ppm OSHA (1981)
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From page 72... ...
4th ed. Cincinnati, Ohio: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
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From page 73... ...
1980. Effect of dose and vehicle on early tissue damage and regenerative activity after chloroform administration.
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From page 74... ...
1 9 79 . Safety evaluat ion of toothpaste containing chloroform.
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From page 75... ...
249-258. Societa Italiana di Medicina del Savora: Associazione Italiana degli Igienisti Industriali.
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From page 76... ...
1965. Report of 1500 chloroform anesthetics administered with a precision vaporizer.
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