Mission to Planet Earth Space Science in the Twenty-First Century -- Imperatives for the Decades 1995 to 2015 (1988) / Chapter Skim
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4. Current and Planned Earth Observing Satellite Missions: 1986 to 1995
4. Current and Planned Earth Observing Satellite Missions: 1986 to 1995
Pages 73-86
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From page 73... ...
The space-based elements are broken down for the sake of organizational clarity according to six broad areas of inquiry: land, oceans, atmosphere, radiation budget, atmospheric chemistry, and geodynamics. The discussion that follows is meant to be representative, not comprehensive.
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From page 74... ...
Active Cavity NASAlcurrent Solar energy output Radiometer SUSIM Solar NASA/Current Ultraviolet solar Ultraviolet Spectral observations Irradiance Monitor SIR Shuttle Imaging NASA/ Land-surtace obser Radar Current/ln vations development MAPS Measurement of NASA/ Tropospheric carbon Air Pollution from Shuttle Current/ln monoxide development SISEX: Shuttle Imaging NASAlplanned Spectral observations Spectrometer Experiment of land surfaces LIDAR: Light Detection NASAlplanned Surtace topography and Ranging instrument atmospheric properties Program Agency/Status Objectives MOS-1: Marine Obser- NASDA State of sea surface vapor Sate~ite-1 (Japan) / and atmosphere Launch 1987 LAGEOS-2: LaserGeo- NASA-PSN Geodynamics gravity dynamics Sate~tite-2 (Italy)
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From page 75... ...
RADARSAT—Canadian Radar Satellite Advanced capabilities for weather observations NOAA/ Planned Advanced capabilities for weather observations Canada/Start Studies of arctic ice, 1986, Launch ocean studies, Earth 1991 resources Passive and active microwave sensing MOS-2: Marine Observation Satellite-2 GRM: Geopotential Research Mission NASDA (Japan) / Launch about 1990 NASA/Start Measure global geoid 1989, Launch and magnetic field 1992 Individual instruments for long-term global observations: OCI: Ocean Color Imager NASA-NOAA/ Planned NASA/ Planned ERB: Earth Radiation Budget instrument Carbon-Monoxide Monitor NASA/ Planned NASA/ Planned GLRS: Geodynamics NASA/ Laser Ranging System Planned Total Ozone Monitor Laser Ranger Scanning radar altimeter NASA/ Planned NASA/ Planned NASA-NOAA/ Long-term global NASA Start Earth observations 1989, Launch 1994 NASA/ Planned Ocean biological productivity Earth radiation budget on synoptic and planetary scales Monitor tropospheric carbon monoxide Monitor global ozone Crustal deformations over specific tectonic areas Continental motions Continental topography Eos: Earth Observing System/Polar-Orbiting Platforms.
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From page 76... ...
The instruments included a thematic mapper (TM) , which provided a ground resolution of 30 m in seven spectral bands, and a four-channel MSS similar to the one on Landsat-3.
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From page 77... ...
Data are transmitted in real time to 4 ground stations in France, Sweden, and eastern and western Canada, or stored onboard on two wideband tape recorders for non-real-time transmission to the ground. The 4 ground stations are being expanded to 10 in the near future to provide worldwide real time image coverage.
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From page 78... ...
A fodow-on to the Coastal Zone Color Scanner on Nnnbu~7 is also being designed, and will fly as part of the EOS. Atmosphere Obeer~n~g Systems The primary observing systems for the atmosphere are the operational weather satellites in polar and geostationary orbit.
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From page 79... ...
In addition, the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project is expected to develop a global cloud climatology data set. Atmospheric Chemistry Investigators are developing techniques for measuring major trace species in the troposphere.
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From page 80... ...
In addition, two instruments, the Imaging Spectrometer Observatory and the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy experiment, have been developed for use on the Shuttle to measure those species in the mesosphere and stratosphere. The ON servatory already has flown on Spacelab 1, and the spectroscopy experiment may fly on a future Spacelab mission.
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From page 81... ...
Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (WARS) This program's goal is to extend scientific understanding of the chemical and physical processes occurring in Eaxth's stratosphere, mesosphere, and lower thermosphere.
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From page 82... ...
TOPEX/Poseidon is planned to be launched on Ariane in 1991. Ocean Color tanager The success of the Coastal Zone Color Scanner, which was launched on Nimbu+7 in 1978 and now is in its eighth year of operation, clearly indicates that a follow-on instrument could determine global primary productivity, which forms the base for the various marine food chains.
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From page 83... ...
Also planned is the assembly, into a single payload, of several solar radiance instruments (the French-developed Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor, the Active Cavity Radiometer, and the BeIgian-developed Solar Constant Variation instrument) and two atmospheric instruments (the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy experiment and Imaging Spectrometer Observatory)
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From page 84... ...
However, those changes provide information on important and enigmatic properties of Earth, such as the origin of the main magnetic field and its variations with time; the structure and electrical properties of the mantle; and the relationship among variations in the magnetic field, the mass distribution of the atmosphere, and the rotation rate. The Magnetic Field Explorer will obtain scalar and vector field data that, in conjunction with data from Magsat-1 and the Geopotential Research Mission, will be used to examine magnetic field changes for periods ranging from months to decades.
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From page 85... ...
Greater accuracy and resolution are needed, and they can be achieved only by a mission at a significantly lower altitude. The Geopotential Research Mission will provide the most accurate models yet available of the global gravity field, geoid, and crustal magnetic anomalies.
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From page 86... ...
They conclude that data management prom lems account for many of the shortcomings in the science returns of space observation programs. The Task Group on Earth Sciences concurs with the CODMAC findings, and notes that the high data rates from earth observing satellites wiD strain the system more than any other discipline.
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