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Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials (1989) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 281-294

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From page 281...
... See Aerospace industry Air Force Department, 169, 179 Alloys design, 76, 79, 121, 246 microstructure formation, 274-76 Alumina, 92 Alumina zirconia abrasives, 129 Aluminum, 212 Aluminum alloys, 129, 231 Aluminum-nickel-cobalt alloys, 21 Alvey program (U.K.) , 192 American Association for the Advancement of Science, 255 American Chemical Society, 157 American Physical Society, 157 American Society for Metals, 33-34 Amorphous materials, 129 Analysis and modeling, 112 applications, 7, 133, 138, 225, 269 atomistic studies, 270-73 ceramic performance, 81 continuum models, 274-77 design and manufacturing applications, 71, 74-76, 78, 109, 123, 124, 278-79 materials performance, 138, 242, 246 materials processing research, 234-35 metal failure mechanisms, 80 polymer science, 84 research needs, 12, 139, 140, 270 techniques, 118, 138-39, 269-70 Andersson, S., 263 Angle-resolved photoemission, 263-64 Anisotropies, 95, 101, 275 Antitrust laws, 198 Apparel fibers, 37, 49 Note: References pertain to the United States except where otherwise indicated.
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From page 282...
... See Funding and institutions Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 191 Ceramic materials aerospace applications, 42 automotive applications, 43, 44 biomedical applications, 45, 106 chemical industry applications, 50 engine applications, 20 fabrication research areas, 80-82, 121 injection molding, 130 materials processing role, 225, 235-36 materials removal, 131 materials synthesis role, 212, 213, 21718, 220 molecular precursors, 126-27, 220-21 new structures, 127 packaging technology, 91-92, 122, 220 properties, 113 rapid solidification processes, 80, 110, 129 research needs and opportunities, 75, 184 shape-limited synthesis, 222 superconducting materials, 99-103 toughening processes, 81, 236, 248 Ceramic-polymer layers, 92 Characterization facilities, 118, 163, 214
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From page 283...
... See Telecommunications industry Comparisons. See International comparisons Competitive position, 1 industry responsibility, 3-5, 71 See also Economic performance; International comparisons Composites, 32 automotive applications, 44 definition, 86 materials processing role, 228, 240 research opportunities, 50, 71, 75, 79, 121, 85-88, 220 Composition.
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From page 284...
... , 267 Elasticity theory, 274, 276-77 Electric Power Research Institute, 205 Electroactive polymers, 93 Electrodeposition, 80 Electrolytic processing, 131, 133 Electromagnetic stirring, 80 INDEX Electron beam etching, 89 Electron beam melting, 127 Electronic materials ceramic and polymer substrates, 91-93 metal wiring, 93 ultrapure materials, 126 See also Semiconductors Electronics industry, 6 economic impact, 36-37 materials processing role, 228-29 materials role, 29, 38, 52 needs and opportunities, 10, 39, 52-53, 70-73, 183-84 research opportunities, 88-93 scope, 51-52 survey overview, 3, 35-36 See also Integrated circuits Electron microscopy, 118, 264-66 Electron pairing, 101 Electrooptic systems, 64 Electrosynthesis, 131, 133 Elementary and secondary education, 15859 Embedded atom method, 246 Energy Department (Canada) , 189 Energy Department (U.
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From page 285...
... , 72, 183, 188, 190, 199 Frustration behavior, 100 Fuel cells, 218 Funding and institutions collaborative centers, 72, 156, 174, 17678 engineering research centers, 72, 156, 171, 174, 177-78, 199 federal funding, 9, 163-71 federal laboratories, 72, 178-79, 197 findings and recommendations, 8-9, 1218, 71, 183-85 funding concerns, 118, 124, 162-63 industrial research consortia, 72, 187, 198 industry laboratories, 171 -74 industry-university cooperative centers, 171, 187 instrument development, 12, 137, 257-60, 265, 266 international comparisons, 188-97, 205 materials processing capability, 224-25 materials research groups, 170-71 materials research laboratories, 13, 72, 156, 170, 174, 176-77, 259 national facilities, 180-83 national initiative recommendation, 10-12 national laboratories, 68, 72, 124, 176, 197, 205 research infrastructure summarized, 8, 1214, 162-63, 174 small groups, 174-76 state centers, 171 synthesis and processing, 210-11 G Gallium arsenide, 53, 63, 89-90, 121, 133, 222, 237 Gallium-arsenide/gallium-aluminum-arsenide system, 125-26, 237
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From page 286...
... 263 Holograms, 97 Honjo, Goro, 265 Hydrodynamic equations, 274 Hydrodynamics, 118, 274 Hydrogen embrittlement, 249, 252 I Ibach, H., 263 IBM laboratories, 173, 214, 261-63 Icosahedral symmetry, 118- 19 Illinois Institute of Technology, 157-58 INDEX Incentives, 4, 71 Incubator programs, 199 Indiana University, 263 Indium phosphide, 53, 63 Industrial consortia, 72, 187, 198 Industrial Technology Law (Japan) , 198 Industry concerns and responsibilities, 3-5, 15, 71-73 cooperative education programs, 153-54 materials processing capability, 224-25 materials role in, 3-4 research funding, 171 -74 See also specific industries Industry-university cooperative research centers, 171, 187 Information technology advances in, 25, 30, 111 foreign countries' priorities, 1-67-, 204 information processing mechanism, 88 magnetic materials, 94-96 materials synthesis role, 216- 17 photonic materials, 96-97 Injection molding, 130, 225, 239, 240 Instability analysis, 118 Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics (Netherlands)
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From page 287...
... , 164 Ion beam deposition, 125, 129, 237 Ion beam equipment, 74 Ion bombardment, 131 Iowa State University Laboratory at Ames, 167 Iron, 95 Isostatic pressing, 80, 81, 184 J Japan competitive position, 9, 199-204 crystal growth, 98 high-temperature superconductors, 215 instrumentation, 138, 257, 261, 265 materials processing, 226 materials science regime, 72, 183, 18688, 192-94, 196, 198, 205 photovoltaic industry, 218 steel industry, 232-33 Japan Industrial Technology Association, 194 Japan Key Technology Center, 194 Japan Research Development Corporation, 193 Joining processes, 87, 130 287 Joint ventures, 187, 198, 205 Josephson junctions, 100, 111 K Kernforschungsanlage (West Germany) , 263 Kesmodel, L., 263 Kinetic phenomena, 123 Korea.
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From page 288...
... See Synthesis and processing Max Planck Institutes (West Germany) , 72, 190, 258 Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics Division, NSF, 170 Melt atomization, 81 Melt processing, 80, 81, 225 Memory chips, 88 Mercury, 30, 99 Metal alloys, 41, 248-49 Metallic glass, 230 Metallo-organic chemical vapor deposition, 129 Metallo-organic molecular beam epitaxy, 125 Metallurgists, 32 Metal matrix composites, 41, 57 Metals biomedical applications, 105-6 ductile-brittle transition, 248-49 ductile rupture, 248 electronic systems applications, 93 injection molding, 130 properties, 112 rapid solidification, 110, 128-29, 184, 225, 230-31 recycling technology, 238 thermal deposition, 223 ultrapure materials, 127 vapor purification processes, 130 Metals industry economic impact, 36-37 materials processing role, 225, 237-38 materials role, 37-38, 60 needs, opportunities, and issues, 39, 6061, 70-73, 184 research opportunities, 77-80 status, 57-60 survey overview, 3, 35-36 synthesis role in, 213 Metastable structures, 127-28, 272 Michelson Laboratory, 266 Microelectronics.
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From page 289...
... , 193 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , 199 facilities and research, 14, 179, 181, 182 instrument development, 258 support activities, 17, 18, 72, 197, 205 National Institutes of Health laboratories, 18, 72, 265 National laboratories establishment of, 176 focus and support, 14, 17-18, 68, 72, 124, 197 instrument development, 12, 257-58 international comparisons, 192, 193, 205 materials processing capability, 225 National Magnet Laboratory, 181 National Materials and Minerals Policy, Research and Development Act of 1980, 196-97 National Physical Laboratory (U.K.)
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From page 290...
... See Manpower and education Petroff, P., 265 Phase transformations, 123 Phase transitions research, 84, 85, 271 PHI Corporation, 264, 267 Phonons, 126, 237 Photo-ferroelectric effect, 97 Photolithography, 24, 52 Photonic materials, 96-98 Photonics industry, 10 Photonic switching, 64, 97 Photorefractive effect, 97, 98 Photoresists, 88, 217 Photovoltaic technology, 218- 19 Physical vapor deposition, 129, 225 Piezoelectric polymers, 83 Piper, W., 263 Plasma-assisted vapor deposition, 129 Plasma chemistry, 52 Platinum, 122 Polyethylene fiber, 86, 233, 239, 250 Polymers adhesives, 83 aerospace industry applications, 42 automotive applications, 6, 217 biomedical applications, 45, 84, 103-5 chemical industry applications, 38, 50 composites, 49, 83-84 high-modulus polymer fibers, 233-34, 239 materials processing role, 225, 238-41 molecular precursors, 126-27, 220-21 new structures, 127 packaging technology, 92-93, 216-17 polymer-modified concrete, 121
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From page 291...
... , 189 Reptation, 84 Research and Advanced Technology, Office of, 169 Research and development analysis and modeling, 138-39 automotive industry, 43-44 biomaterials, 103-8 commercial exploitation, 187 cooperative research, 4, 15- 18, 71, 124, 156, 187, 191, 197-99, 205 electronic materials, 88-89 government role, 16- 18, 71, 72 industry role, 15, 71 instrumentation, 123, 133-38 international comparisons, 39, 186-95 magnetic materials, 94-96 photonic materials, 96-98 properties and performance, 112- 16, 24245 research areas, 3-5, 74-75, 108- 12, 139-40 structural materials, 75-88 structure and composition, 116-21 superconducting materials, 99-103 synthesis and processing, 121-33, 21623, 234-41 universities' role, 14-15, 71-72 U
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From page 292...
... , 195 Statistical mechanics, 96, 270-71 Steel industry competitive position, 203 materials processing role, 78, 232-33, 237-38 processing techniques, 121, 130 productivity, 6, 24 Strained-layer superlattices, 89 Strategic Defense Initiative, 191 Strength-to-density ratio, 19-20 Strength-to-weight ratio, 75 Strip casting, 75, 77, 128, 238 Structural materials, 38 performance measurement, 114- 15, 243, 245-54 properties and performance, 19-20, 29 research opportunities, 75-88, 220 Structure and composition, 28, 32-33 instrumentation role in, 12 research opportunities, 112, 116-21, 140 what constitutes, 5 Structure-property relationships, 127, 221 Substrate fabrication, 91 -93, 122, 216- 17, 229 Superalloys, 20, 127 Supercomputers, 76, 111, 123 Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) , 100 Superconductivity applications, 38
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From page 293...
... See Economic performance Transistors, 228 Transmission electron microscope, 74, 76 Transportation Department (DOT) , 66, 6869 Transportation needs, 68-69, 217- 18 Transport coefficients, 274 Triacontahedral faceting, 118- 19 Tribology, 250 Tungsten carbide, 133 Turbine blades, 75, 121, 128, 129 Turbine disk design, 278
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From page 294...
... circuits, 64, 197 VG Instruments (U.K.) , 265 Viscoelastic behavior, 84 Visiting scientist program, 179 W Waveguides, 98 Wear mechanisms, 250 West Germany collaborative centers, 72, 183, 188 competitive position, 9, 199-202, 205 instrument development, 258, 263-68 materials science regime, 186, 189-190 Wigner, E., 272 Wilson, 265 XYZ Xerox laboratories, 261 X-Ray Optics Center, 258 X-ray spectroscopy, 182 X-ray tomography, 81, 182 Yagi, 265 Young, R., 262 Zinc industry, 78, 237-38 Zirconia, 81, 213, 236 Zone refining, 127, 228
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Key Terms

  • international comparisons
  • materials role
  • west germany
  • materials research
  • materials synthesis

  • processing role
  • synthesis role
  • vapor deposition
  • ultrapure materials
  • competitive position

  • instrument development
  • electronics industry
  • photonic materials
  • rapid solidification
  • aerospace industry

  • science regime
  • electronic materials
  • continuing education
  • collaborative centers
  • beam epitaxy

  • telecommunications industry
  • industrial technology
  • automotive applications
  • crystal growth
  • industry applications

  • energy department
  • polymer fibers
  • structural materials
  • packaging technology
  • economic performance


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