Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials (1989) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
2. Materials Science and Engineering and National Economic and Strategic Security
2. Materials Science and Engineering and National Economic and Strategic Security
Pages 35-73
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 35... ...
SIGNIFICANCE OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING IN INDUSTRY Eight industries that represent different aspects of the use of materials were chosen to be surveyed, including the aerospace, automotive, biomaterials, chemical, electronics, energy, metals, and telecommunications industries. The scope of each of the eight surveys is shown in Table 2.1.
|
From page 36... ...
Industrial Outlook 1989, published by the Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration, Washington, D.C. bThe 1980 to 1985 average based on a broader definition of the metals and mining industry used in Employment Prospects for 1995, Bulletin 2197 published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C.
|
From page 37... ...
Table 2.3 shows the international trade balances for seven of the eight industries surveyed. The aerospace and chemical industries are healthy exporters and contribute substantially to the U.S.
|
From page 38... ...
The aerospace industry and, to a lesser extent, the automotive industry have a major interest in reducing the weight of their structural materials to increase fuel economy and performance. Although approximately half the cost of a modern aircraft lies in its electronic gear, reducing the weight of the airframe can significantly reduce the cost of its operation.
|
From page 39... ...
Electronic materials for aircraft applications were excluded from this survey, because they were included in the electronics industry survey. Role of Materials in the Aerospace Industry The aerospace industry is both a user and a developer of high-performance materials.
|
From page 40... ...
Needs and Opportunities Some principal determinants in the selection of materials for the aerospace industry are life cycle cost, strength-to-weight ratio, fatigue life, fracture toughness, survivability, and reliability. Additional considerations for spacecraft include high specific stiffness and strength, a low coefficient of thermal expansion, and durability in a space environment.
|
From page 41... ...
offer promising avenues for research on materials with good strength-to-weight ratios. Metal matrix composites are an especially ripe area for development, with applications in layered metal structures and especially in ceramic-reinforced metals.
|
From page 42... ...
The automotive industry is a major cause of the current U.S. trade deficit.
|
From page 43... ...
Needs and Opportunities Improvements in materials can have a large impact on the economic health of the automotive industry. One important need is the development of complete materials systems that take into account the cost of production and fabrication of a material along with specific design criteria.
|
From page 44... ...
Research on durability-related failure mechanisms (wear, fatigue, and corrosion) Research on methods of predicting durability Research on technical and economic factors in recycling wrought metals, castings, ceramics, tool and die materials, and metal matrix composites.
|
From page 45... ...
The industry has a positive balance of payments in international trade. The United States has had a leading role in the development of the biomaterials industry and is a strong exporter, as exemplified by its dominant market share in the European Economic Community countries.
|
From page 46... ...
Needs and Opportunities Eventually there will be a need for biomaterials that duplicate the physical and biological properties of all native tissues in the body. Some examples are given in Table 2.8.
|
From page 47... ...
These tightly coupled processes must preserve desired biological properties. Life cycle ~ Backing layer _~ _ Drug reservoir Semipermeable membrane Adhesive \ Protective peel strip Skin surface .
|
From page 48... ...
LIn U.S. Industrial Outlook 1987 (published by the International Trade Administration, Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.)
|
From page 49... ...
chemical industry, such as the manufacture of apparel fibers, are becoming less competitive. The chemical industry is undergoing major changes, moving away from commodity materials toward more highly engineered products such as optical discs and AIDS diagnostic systems.
|
From page 50... ...
The chemical processing industry has continuing needs for strong, noncorroding materials that can withstand extreme conditions and for materials that facilitate chemical processes, such as catalysts and electrode materials. All chemical processes incorporate some materials separations.
|
From page 51... ...
More importantly, a loss of $1 in semiconductor sales generally results in the loss of $10 in sales of TABLE 2.9 Electronics Industry Employment and Sales in 1987 Employment Sales Trade Balance Sector (thousands) ($ billion)
|
From page 52... ...
Semiconductor materials can be used to illustrate materials development in the electronics industry. Single-crystal silicon (150-mm diameter)
|
From page 53... ...
Layer-by-layer architecture will be supplanted. Innovation in the laboratory and on the factory floor through processing research is the key materials opportunity and need in the electronics industry.
|
From page 54... ...
The importation of petroleum and petroleum products is a major adverse factor in the U.S. international trade deficit.
|
From page 55... ...
Practical superconducting cables could save about 75 billion kW of electricity worth at least $5 billion annually through elimination of transmission losses. Improved materials for generator cores and distribution transformers offer another major opportunity to increase efficiency and to reduce costs, perhaps by as much as $5 billion per year.
|
From page 56... ...
Semiconductors other than silicon may have more appropriate electronic properties, but their use in devices will require major advances in processing the materials. A number of desirable advances in materials processing and performance for the energy industry are identified in Table 2.11.
|
From page 57... ...
The metals and metal groups specifically represented in the survey were iron and steel, copper, lead, zinc, aluminum, refractory metals, titanium, and the nickelbased superalloys. The survey addressed both the traditional applications of metals and alloys and the newer applications such as metal matrix composites.
|
From page 58... ...
58 MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FOR THE 1990s TABLE 2.11 Advances in Materials Processing and Performance for the Energy Industry Major Advance Impact of Major Advance Critical Issues Melting, refining, Advanced alloys for use in Optimum chemistry for specific and/or corrosive/erosive fabrication process deformation environments and Development of stress-induced processing application phase morphologies Tough, embrittlement-resistant Purity and crystal perfection steels for elevated- Fabrication of amorphous temperature heavy-section components application Single crystals for advanced turbines, solar photovoltaic converters, and power semiconductors Amorphous alloys for corrosion-resistant applications, soft magnetic properties, and solar photovoltaic converters Powder Transformation-toughened Increase in temperature consolidation ceramics and high-purity capability of transformation ceramics for structural toughened ceramics applications Production of submicron Near-net-shape forming for powders low-cost fabrication High cost and control Mechanical alloying for high temperature creep strength Advanced surface Ceramic overlay coatings for Coating integrity modification enhanced environmental Adherence, porosity, resistance durability, continuity Diffusion coatings for Scale-up methodology corrosion-resistant piping, Cost-effective processing tanks, etc. Thickness trade-off vs.
|
From page 59... ...
NATIONAL ECONOMIC AND STRATEGIC SEC URII~Y TABLE 2.11 Continued 59 Major Advance Impact of Major Advance Critical Issues Materials synthesis Life estimation and extension Tailored complex inorganic materials for highperformance structural applications Unique nanostructures for electrical, magnetic, and superconducting applications Novel properties in nanoscale regime (supermodulus effect) Extend life of existing energy systems Improve reliability of existing systems Eliminate unexpected failures/ forced outages Sensors and Monitoring of integrity of advanced energy supply systems for characterization improved reliability and techniques performance Detection of underground energy resources (e.g., oil, gas, geothermal)
|
From page 60... ...
This lower production level reflects, in part, the import of metals and of metal-based products. For example, the intense import competition in the automotive industry has had a severe impact on the U.S.
|
From page 61... ...
Product improvements will play an important role in maintaining market share in the competition of metals with polymers, ceramics, and composite materials. There is an excellent opportunity for innovative research directed to accurately predicting metallurgical phenomena and product properties.
|
From page 62... ...
HIGH SPEED ROTATING COPPER BELT Molten metal sprayed on cooled copper belt forms amorphous metal ribbon temperature of belt near room temperature FIGURE 2.6 Fabricating ribbons of amorphous alloy metal for electrical transformer core applications. (Reprinted, by permission, from The New York Times, Jan.
|
From page 63... ...
The~telecommunications industry is being reshaped by governmental deregulation in the United States and many other countries. International trade is increasing rapidly.
|
From page 64... ...
Research Opportunities and Issues Progress in the telecommunications industry has been a direct consequence of materials synthesis, processing, characterization, and analysis. Exceptionally promising areas for continued progress are superlattices, fibers, high
|
From page 65... ...
SIGNIFICANCE OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FOR THE PUBLIC SECTOR Government federal, state, and local is critically dependent on materials in fulfilling its many missions related to defense, energy, transportation, space, and safety. While the materials science and engineering needs of the federal government are very diverse, they can be broadly divided into two regimes that often present quite different demands one associated with providing new systems that can perform at the leading edge, and the other associated with incrementally improving the performance of existing systems.
|
From page 66... ...
Corrosion limits the performance of ships, aircraft, bridges, concrete reinforcement, mining and drilling equipment, and vehicles of all types. The fuel efficiency of all vehicles can be improved by the use of lightweight materials.
|
From page 67... ...
DOE supports a large basic research program that provides scientific support for the energy technologies that are longer range than those described earlier for the energy industry. Examples of such long-range technologies are fusion power, advanced fission reactors, and improved techniques for coal conversion and combustion.
|
From page 68... ...
The Department of Energy maintains several large national facilities for materials research, such as the National Synchrotron Light Source and several centers for neutron scattering research. Much of the short- and long-term research on materials is carried out in the multidisciplinary national laboratories supported by DOE.
|
From page 69... ...
Special emphasis is placed on weight reduction to enhance payload capabilities. This includes not only lightweight materials, but also innovative processing and design concepts that can reduce weight while maintaining the desired level of performance.
|
From page 70... ...
NASA also maintains a wide range of unique test facilities that are used by government and industry for the evaluation and testing of new designs and concepts. FINDINGS The surveys of the eight industries show critical needs of these industries for new, improved, and more economical materials and processes.
|
From page 71... ...
Another theme that emerged in some of the industry surveys was that the federal government should help to identify industries of current or projected strategic national importance. Such identification should then influence the emphasis and direction of major national research activities.
|
From page 72... ...
models of demonstrated effectiveness. Industrial consortia guided by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry seem to be effective in Japan but need refinement as models for U.S.
|
From page 73... ...
NATIONAL ECONOMIC AND STRATEGIC SECURITY 73 · People who are well trained and well motivated, and who have effective leadership skills, are the basis for success in any technological endeavor. The universities, industry, and government all have important roles in ensuring the availability and intelligent employment of materials science and engineering personnel.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.