Ergonomic Models of Anthropometry, Human Biomechanics and Operator-Equipment Interfaces Proceedings of a Workshop (1988) / Chapter Skim
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2. Anthropometric Models
2. Anthropometric Models
Pages 4-18
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From page 4... ...
Over the years, the data bank has expanded steadily; today it constitutes a unique anthropometric source for designers, engineers, and modelers. The 1985 holdings of the AAMRL's anthropometric data bank 4
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civilian body size variability (see Table 2-2) comes primarily from the various health and nutrition surveys, beginning with the first 1962 Health Examination Survey (HES)
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37,384 1960 Turkish armed forces 912 151 1961 Greek armed forces 1,071 151 1961 Italian armed forces 1,342 151 1961 Korean military fliers 264 132 1964 Vietnamese military forces 2,129 51 1967 German air force 1 466 152 1969 Iranian military 9 414 74 1970 Latin-American armed forces 1,985 76 1970 Royal Air Force aircrew 2,000 64 1972 Royal Air Force head study 500 46 1972 Royal Australian Air Force 482 18 1973 French military fliers 174 118 1974 Royal New Zealand Air Force aircrew 238 63 1974 Canadian military forces 565 33 1977 Australian personnel 2,945 32 1975 British Army surrey 1,537 61 1975 English Guardsmen 100 61 1976 English Transport Corpsmen 161 61 1976 United Kingdom Gurkhas 36 61 1976 Hong Kong Chinese military 73 47 1981 Israeli aircrewmen 360 63 Foreign military total U.S. and foreign military total 27,754 65,138 SOURCE: Harry G
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civilian males total 22,273 Adult Females 1962 Health Examination Surrey (HES) 3,581 18 1971 Airline stewardesses 423 73 1975 Health and Nutrition Examination Sunrey (HANES)
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Body dimensions for the layout of workspaces have also received attention, but only a few dimensions have been obtained strictly for human body models. The need for personal protective equipment for the head and face has required a large number of dimensions including surface arcs, breadths, and a series of headboard measurements (Figure 2-2)
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From page 9... ...
(One exception is the "Ion" regulars body form that was used to provide the body size and shape for the biodynamic analog developed by Payne and Band [1971i, called DYNAMIC DAN.) In all of these sizing models, it was necessary to integrate traditional data from a series of independent studies to produce a usable body model.
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10 ,/ :~1) -'~ ;~ v' FIGURE 2-2 Head and face measurements.
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From page 11... ...
uation models ~ far more extensive than the simple lengths, diameters, and circumferences used to specify the size of the geometric forms of the early models. Most of the human engineering evaluation models are based on the simulation concepts of interconnected links, originally outlined by Braune and Fischer (1889)
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prepare a generalized computer routine for calculating the inertial properties of any subject in any body position, and (4) develop a design handbook for a series of percentile body forms in 31 body positions.
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From page 13... ...
Modelers assign ranges of joint motion to the primary joints, and finish with an enfleshment procedure to give the mode} its final physical form. Depending on the intended use of the model, additional refinements such as mass distribution properties (Articulated Total Body Model; Kaleps, 1978)
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The prunary body segments used In these studies were defined by using planes of segmentation similar to those used in previous cadaver studies (Chandler et al., 1975; CIauser et al., 1969~. The use of stereophotogrammetry made possible the comparable analytic segmentation of live subjects and facilitated the delineation of additional segments, such as the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis.
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From page 15... ...
The anatomical axis system for each segment and for the total body help to define postural orientation in three-dimensional space. Segmental landmarks are related to the segmental axes and to the total body axes, with body mass distribution characteristics predicted through regression equations based on the anthropometry of the model.
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(1980~. DISCUSSION While there exists a wealth of anthropometric data for a number of populations, and there are methods of extrapolating the data base to other populations, the current data base is deficient for effective human engineering body modeling.
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has coined the term system anthropometry, wherein the traditional heights, lengths, and breadths are replaced by thre - dimensional coordinates for comparable point locations from a common origin, and the static anthropometric postures of standing and sitting are replaced with postures relating to work and movement. Before the envisioned system anthropometry can be developed and an effective anthropometric data base created, two basic interrelated problems must be resolved.
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From page 18... ...
No systematic study has been attempted to determine whether a number of measurements taken on a large number of participants by different measurement techniques and by different measurers yield equivalent data. The problem is probably most pronounced for measures involving compression of soft body tissue and those requiring a reference to internal skeletal landmarks.
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