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4. Human-Machine Interface Models
Pages 43-67

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From page 43...
... Typical applications of these quantitative anthropometric and biomechanical modem are their use in the development of interface modem as COMBIMAN (computerized biomechanical man model) , CAPE (computerized accommodated percentage evaluation)
From page 44...
... 44 o .D 5 ~ _ ~ G tn u o s" ~o C o C ~ C C)
From page 45...
... Although it provided a broad conceptual framework for the study of diverse variables, its prunary reason for development was aimed at the assessment of the seated operator's ability to move toward and reach controls. The operator model is made up of a system of 31 links that are constrained by hard angular Innits at each body joint.
From page 46...
... The CAPE program used a multivariate Monte CarIo simulation to create a typical sample, based on 2,500 "pilots" that matched the means, standard deviations, and correlations of 13 anthropometric variables that are critical for the design of cockpits, that must fit a target population (Gifford et al., 1965~. The Monte Cario simulation component of this model was tested in a series of investigations that compared actual and Monte CarIo estimates of the proportion of a population accornmm dated as various anthropometric exclusions were applied (Bittner, 1974~.
From page 47...
... The sample population can be generated either by a Monte Cario process based on the means, standard deviations, and correration coefficients of standard anthropometric measurements following the procedure developed by Bittner (1975) or by using direct inputs based on the actual measurements of test individualm.
From page 48...
... The clothing specification modifies the appropriate link lengths and the angular limits of motion. Three types of reaches can be incorporated into the CAR model: Zone 1: The shoulder harness is locked, and the operator does
From page 49...
... Guidance in changing control positions for improved accommodation ~ given in the form of reports deta~ling the distance and direction of control location alteration to accommodate additional portions of the population. The flexibility of a mode} such as CAR was illustrated in a recent program for flight deck design (Stone and McCauley, 1984~.
From page 50...
... All objects within the mode} can be repositioned and regrouped. Further development of the CAR mode!
From page 51...
... consists of 19 connected links representing a schematic skeleton around which three-dimensional solids such as boxes, cones, and cylinders are placed to denote outer contours of the human body. The idealized flesh contours can be varied to simulate body builds from stern to rotund (Sheldon, 1940~.
From page 52...
... and other articulations. Logical relationships are included so that when an upper arm moves, the lower arm and wrist also move in the expected direction, representing normal human movement, an specified in a user-definable joint constraints table.
From page 53...
... The U.S. Air Force's Armstrong Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory modified this mode} for application to the study of human body dynamics during ejection from high-performance aircraft, developed a three-dimensional projected graphics display capability, and applied the name articulated total body (ATB)
From page 54...
... The output from the mode! consists of time histories of linear and angular displacement, velocity and acceleration for each segment, the location on each segment of the point of contact with the external configuration or any other body segment, and the force of contact; restraint harness forces and the forces that the harness applies to the body surface; the joint orientations and the forces and moments across each of the body joints; the wind forces on each segment; and the total body center of mass location, momentum, and kinetic energy.
From page 55...
... to the use of stereophotometric methods to map the three-dimensional surface of the human body (McConville et al., 1980; Young et al., 1983~. The last method has provided the most comprehensive body segment inertial property data for both males and females that is currently available, and presents the data with respect to precisely defined bony anatomical landmark segments and coordinate systems based on these landmarks.
From page 56...
... an entirely new enfleshment technique to represent the irregular surface necessary to depict clothing and personal protective equips meet. A surface is created by an array of small triangles, similar to the technique used in finite-element analysis.
From page 57...
... A utility program allows the user to define which survey to use or to add data from other surveys. Computer-Aided Dimensioning: Abstract human models can be generated from anthropometric survey data.
From page 58...
... Air Force Human Resources Laboratory are jointly developing a computer-aided design (CAD) model of an aircraft maintenance technician (McDaniel, 1985; McDaniel and
From page 59...
... The CREW CHIEF model will give the CAD designer the ability to use the computer drawing board to simulate maintenance and related human operator interactions with a system. It will represent the correct body size and proportions of the maintenance technician, the encumbrance of clothing and personal protective equipment, mobility limitations for simulating working postures, physical access for reaching into confined areas (with hands, tools, and objects)
From page 60...
... The CREW CHIEF model itself will be three-dimensional. To accurately represent the clothing, the mode!
From page 61...
... This function is particularly useful for building objects with complex contours, such as the human body, human reach envelopes, and the space shuttle orbiter. For example, by using cross-sectional plots (reduced from digitized body mapping data in PLAID's REACH module)
From page 62...
... The REACH module of PLAID serves as the interface with the anthropometric data to render crew reach and body mapping contours and contours from other digitized data. By using PLAID for interface ergonomic models, human body models of various sizes can be built and articulated with respect to workstation layouts.
From page 63...
... This effort results in equations of motion that can be integrated numerically to provide position and orientation information for the body segments. In turn, these data can be used to drive graphic displays of motion to permit assessment of proposed EVA procedures.
From page 64...
... The usefuInem of interface modem ~ limited by the anthropometric and/or biomechanical data input. The workstation and the operator need to be accurately modeled.
From page 65...
... REACH 01 PIOTECTIVE EOUIPHT 9S ~ 99TH IT1LE BOIItL" ~1 f~l DiTt IiSE lJ#ES REMOVED CiPAtilITY, All ~IlITr llHJTtT NS ~LE I FE - E AUI - TH' ll~lS REHOKD -RESTRJCrED REACH 11 STRENCIH f~ KA1~ -~ DE61EES 6 DE6REES Of flEEDOII TENAIICE ACTIVITIES ELEVtTION UIIH YIS10# LIMIT OVERLAT5 -t - ILE HE~ . PL1ID/IEHPUS 3-D -NUt I l-l INI tODY HODEl -hAN-HoDEL SANE tS CAR -SIICthAN -POITtODIES/ POl THE ORONS dlilBlE PEOPlEt SPHERES -6EOt~f TRIC ~ODELS-SPKRES -3-D SUREACE KAPPINC SYSrER (liRS} -lASER IASED COORDINATES -sT'rlc, tur SIIIJlllES Norl0N 81 USE Of CE06 ANIBATED SEQUENCE -~OtAI TR`NSLiT H OR ~OIlilON Of ll~ OR tODY .
From page 66...
... lEssURf ON POPULATIONS -SfCHENT FORCE- SE6nfNTS AND DlsEL,rED SURfm Of ELLIPSOIDS -3 A~D 6 rEil OILD DEfLECIION 111 3-DlNENslolts PIOJECTED -RESTUAlilr SrSTEd CHILDREN C14ARAC1ERISTICS VIE' flON "r VlEllrOlIIT TEL`CTloll -VARIWS TES1 DUmlES -Jolilr HorloN -6uVI r~r lo"L f OtCES RESISTA~CE rRo'ERTlEs -PIESCITIED fORCE o' To~UE oll ANr SE6NENr o -ANr SEATED UORTST`T10. NONE DEf lNEr Ir THE USEI -IST-99TH PERCENTILE lII -lODr SIIE FORCE BALE ~ fEwE -IODY HotlLllr plLors -CLOTH1N6 REsTllciloN -P`PER PLOTS `RHr ~ N'V!
From page 67...
... KANUALlY RElIOVEI -1~ flLES Of nOIS -AlPHAIHl~IERIC Rf~H -C~NICS ~JItOU1111 PAadC ~r WRItLACE Aal lAI' IETSOARD -FUt.CT l O.i IETIO4ID CREli CHIEf -lUTOItlTED HIDDEN -SII'UL'TE ItilNTEN`NCE -6RIPHICS LINt RfHOVil AS PROVIDED 11 CAD -DISRl~r-CRI IN tUN-ltoKL; SOf IIIAREIH6RDVIRE -L 16HIPEN (OR tlANUALLY REIIOVED NOUSE)


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