Ergonomic Models of Anthropometry, Human Biomechanics and Operator-Equipment Interfaces Proceedings of a Workshop (1988) / Chapter Skim
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5. General Discussion
5. General Discussion
Pages 68-80
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From page 68... ...
appears to be feasible. Advances in research methods and instrumentation, many of which are associated with the increasing sophistication in the use of computerized systems, have made research feasible on the many anthropometric, biomechanical, and interface details, as well as their interactions regarding human performance capabilities and limitations.
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was prepared by the National Bureau of Standards (Van Cott et al., 1978~. Although this system was never implemented, the study provides information relevant to the development of an integrated ergonomic model.
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70 TABLE 5-1 Data Requirements of Potential SERDS Users Area of Need Specific Date Needed Date Application Static Basic human body Design of tools and other anthropometry dimensions as function hard goods; development of age/sex, etc. of clothing sising and tariffs Dynamic Bending and stooping Control location and anthropometry capabilities; reach operation; workspace dimensions design Strength Static and dynamic force Equipment and job design characteristics measurements; lifting; for industrial workers pushing and pulling product portability design capabilities Physiological Aerobic and anaerobic Environmental design, job characteristics capacity; maximal heart specifications; toxicity rate; expiratory volume levels Sensory/perceptual Measures of visual and Design of controls, digital processes auditory acuity, color displays; visual and Derision auditory warning signals Tolerance to Exposure tolerance to Protection of workers and environmental physical and chemical environmental design conditions agents, e.g., tolerance to high-intensity light, noise, temperature, radiation Reaction time Simple and complex Display-control reaction time to a relationships; blade variety of stimuli stopping time Information Interpretation of symbols, Design of displays processing/ learning processes, signals, instructional cognitive functions memory materials, training devices Capabilities Anthropometric, sensory, Product and environmental of special physiological measures design populations of children, the aged, the handicapped SOURCE: Van Cott et al.
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If this is not the case, each model or module needs a "translator" that allows data exchange by software modulation. Graphics input and output should be in accordance with the International Graphics Exchange Standard Format (IGES)
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Modular Approach A modular approach to an integrated ergonomic modeling system is a building block process of joining compatible modules with a standard structure. This allows flexibility for the user to incorporate those aspects of the ergonomic mode!
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One approach to the development of an integrated workspace design system based on the modular approach is shown in Figure 5-2. This system may be suitable to integrate operator analyses with existing computer design models (Evans, 19853.
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ANALYSIS J FIGURE 5-1 Graphic display of an integrated ergonomic modeling system. SOURCE: Joe McDaniel (unpublished data)
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1 Reach Envelop: l \ , Interface Among Human Performance Models and Workspace Geometry Stren) \\ Profile \ \ Time \ Predi 7ions 1 / Fatigue Al lowances Endurance _ _ Methods Analysis Strength Prediction Reach Analysis Data Base Interface , ~ t_ EXISTING W -— I\4etabo!
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76 TABLE 5-2 System Components for a CAD Approach to the Design of Manual Workspaces System Components Implementation Approaches User dialogue interface System modes (states) Design modes Operator performance prediction models Design data bases System input and output Menu-based command language Display windows showing parameters and options Default -- task entry Optione -- workepace entry, object definition, operator definition, task evaluation Prelirn~nary design -- pro~rides design guidelines with incomplete workspace or task information Single exertion, posture prediction and biomechanical analysis Repeated trials -- biomechanical and physiological effects on lifting Time prediction based on MTM-2 get and place elements Static data bases -- eystem files of generic operator, workspace, or task data Dynamic data bases -- user defined files, which vary with the application, and the stage of design System defaults for posture, gender, and analysis modes Task input syntax similar to current process descriptions Output in graphic format -- workspace and operator three-dimensional graphics; two-dimensional graphs and charts of analysis results Output formatted to comply with designer-mated preferences SOURCE: Evans (1985~.
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Loadings on internal structures in the body change significantly under dynamic conditions (Marras et al., 1984~. There is a need to measure the dynamic loadings in viva, however, since most models involving ergonomic analysm of activities have been based on static conditions.
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From page 78... ...
The result shows the net joint loading, but does not measure the forces that are contributed by the individual muscles. The problem involved is of practical importance because under the combined torques, for example, those created by concurrent contraction of flexor and extensor muscles, the intermediate body joint may be overloaded.
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From page 79... ...
Body Segments and Effects of Mamma Data are needed to develop models of specific body segments such as head and neck, arm and hand, and leg and foot, beyond those required for a total body model. An an example, a total body model describing the behavior in an impact situation does not usually require specific information about the biodynamic characteristics of the wrist-finger subsystem.
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From page 80... ...
There is a lack of suitable theory and experimental data regarding internal nervous control with respect to feed-forward generated in the brain and to the rearrangement of CNS motor signals according to the feedback that is received (Kroemer et al., 1986~. Consequently, quantification of the effects of learning and adaptation and of psychomotor behavior while a person is fatigued is difficult since the internal processes in the central nervous system are not readily accessible.
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