Human Factors in Automated and Robotic Space Systems Proceedings of a Symposium (1987) / Chapter Skim
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Expert Systems: Applications in Space
Expert Systems: Applications in Space
Pages 113-141
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From page 113... ...
Opportunities for using intelligent programs in NASA space station environments are numerous and abvicus. But many of those opportunities require substantial research in artificial intelligence before they can be realized.
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From page 114... ...
Cc mar programs that reason autoncmously are also of extreme importance in space, but they, too, must be integrated into an environment that is centered around people. They are extensions of present technology along several dimensions discussed here, that involve all of the same principles of design as the Intelligent assistant prc grams.
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From page 115... ...
From a medical perspective, MYCIN's knowledge base is now dated; from the perspective of expert systems it represents much of the kind of reasoning that is captured in today's systems. MYCIN's conclusions were demonstrated to be equal in quality to those of infectious disease specialists at Stanford Medical Center.
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From page 116... ...
A broker So aWised liquidation of one's stock portfolio may explain the arrive with resent to technical Carts, historical trends, or sad ec~onc~nic principles that point to a stock market
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From page 117... ...
In general, expert systems can reduce costs or increase quality of goods and services -- in a single phrase, they can increase productivity in an organization. If you believe either that there is not enough expertise in the world, or that it is not well distributed, then you will be willing to entertain the idea that putting human expertise into an -~ily-replicated form may answer some productivity problems.
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From page 118... ...
S Air Force -- plan an aircraft's route from base to target and back to avoid detection and threats when possible Schlumberger -- ~nterpret down-hole data from oil well bore holes to assist in prospecting Wasting house -- plan manufacturing steps in a plant so as to avoid bottlenecks and delays Stanford Medical Center -- ~cist in managing malti-step chemotherapy for cancer patients IBM- monitor operations of MA operas mg sat U
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From page 119... ...
Modularity at the level of knowledge about the problem area implies conceptual separation of elements in the knowledge base. For example, medical knowledge about penicillin, although not totally independent, can often be separated from knowledge of other drugs.
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From page 120... ...
That means using the same terms and the same rules of reasoning as the experts use. One reason for this is that building and debugging a knowledge base depends necessarily on the expert, and using 1=== fa ~ liar terminology or methods will introduce confusion and error before the knowledge base is completed.
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From page 121... ...
And when the representation is homogeneous, we can more easily write other programs that act as "editing assistants" or explainers that help us insure correctness of new items and help us understand what is in the knowledge bit. ~RMANCE ISSUES Expert systems constitute one class of computer programs.
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From page 122... ...
Whenever we argue that the future will be like the past, as in stock market predictions, we have to be prepared for exceptions. These inferences, labeled "plausible inferences" by George Polya, are the ones of most interest In AT.
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From page 123... ...
123 traveling salesman problem, for example, the problem is to plan a route for visiting each cider in a set exactly once and ~ at the hcme cider. Ihis is an NP~nplete problem, that is, the algorithm for solving it Woes times that is exponential with ache number of cities.
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From page 124... ...
We want a simple set of conventions for storing knowledge because that mates it Air -- for a person or a program -- to understand what is in the knowledge base at any moment. It is also easier to write simple statements without error.
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From page 125... ...
Spatial and Temporal Reasoning Many compl ~ problems in a space station ~ e autonomous computer programs that represent and reason about three-dimensional objects. Simpler representations do not allow programs to solve problems involving 3-S shapes and positions, such as problems of fitting parts or of maintaining some equipment.
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From page 126... ...
As more and more systems are constructed, however, it will be important to use knowledge bases in different contexts and then reuse one system's knowledge base in another system. It is wasteful -- an~ should not be ner~=sary -- to duplicate the contents of an old knowledge base in a new application.
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From page 127... ...
· · . because writing symbolic reasoning programs is itself often regarded as an art, building an expert system requires patience.
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From page 128... ...
The main idea, however, is to provide programmers with mechanized intelligent assistants that know about programming conventions Concluding Abbreviations and shortcuts) , that can help locate and fix errors, that can display the contents and interrelationships in a program or knowledge base, and so forth.
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From page 129... ...
129 It is possible, however, to learn an initial set of notes fray a case library (collected past experienced ark use it for classification problems. Trxtuction propels are being used to band simple note sets for expert systems In which there is little Chaining of the notes ark little use of uncertain inferences.
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From page 130... ...
130 eng~neering -- that is, integration of the expert system into the run-time environment -- as well as for help in building the knowledge base. And the expert, here, is (atypically)
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From page 131... ...
Integrating ~nt=1ligent systems with conventional computer programs and with persons ~ the space station involve= new research in many dimensions. The single biggest advantage of AI programs, amply demonstrate in expert systems, is their flexibility.
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From page 132... ...
The develcpment of artificial intelligence methods that can solve many of these kinds of problems will change the nature of applications of computers in cur society as much as the develcpment of transistors changed the a architecture and applicability of computers themselves.
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From page 133... ...
? if you want to see all recognized responses, the word RULE if you would like to see the decision rule which has generated the question being asked.
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From page 134... ...
Prints this list. RULE QA CHANGE # COMM ENT WHY EXPLAIN FORGET STOP SAVE HELP A.2 Infectious Disease Consultation Session [This is a typescript of a MYCIN consu/tabon on an actua/ patient treated at Stanford MYCIN was no' used to suggest treatment.
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From page 135... ...
positive intermediate strength PPD b) history of close contact with a person with active TB.
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From page 136... ...
36 Infectious Disease Consultation Session (i e. WHY is it important to determine whether the Infection was acquired while the patient was hospitalized?
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From page 137... ...
which might be present and found at least one organism which requires therapy. then determine the best therapy recommendation from among the drugs likely to be effective against the significant organisms tRULE092]
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From page 138... ...
q8h IV [calculated on basis of 1.7 mgJkg plus consider giving 5 mg q24h Intrathecal Comments: Monitor serum concentrations Since high concentrations of penicillins can inactivate aminoglycosides do not mix these two antibiotics in the same IV bottle. Do you wish to see the next choice therapy?
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From page 139... ...
' CSF 1234 30-Jan-77 YES Infectious Disease Consultation Session method of collection [urine,sputum only [The next question asks for severe/ items in tabular form since they are found together in the hospital record. method ofl collection [urine,sputum only| stain of morph!
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From page 140... ...
YES Looking at the coverage of the 'most likely' items, we see that: RECOMMENDATION-1 consists of 1 first choice drug (AMPICILLIN for ITEM-1 and ITEM - ) and 1 third choice drug (GENTAMICIN for ITEM-1, ITEM-2 and ITEM-3)
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From page 141... ...
:468-476. peso ahead; in 'Readings In Medical Artificial Intelligence: The First Decade', Clingy.
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