Human Factors in Automated and Robotic Space Systems Proceedings of a Symposium (1987) / Chapter Skim
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Discussion: Issues in Design and Uncertainty
Discussion: Issues in Design and Uncertainty
Pages 263-274
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From page 263... ...
It would, of course, be presumptuous for anyone to prejudge the relative merit of research programs yet to be proposed for a maying target such as the evolving space station concept. Nonetheless, current knowledge is sufficient to begin the -process on long as it is with the clear under standing that frequent stock-t~king and consequent reorientation will undoubtedly be required ~= research findings accumulate, design decisions are made, and the entire system takes shape.
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From page 264... ...
Both call for exploring new ways to capture and express properties of =~e system that will promote understanding access disciplines; botch recognize that to do so required a better grasp clef brown Cognitive functions than we now have. There are, un Tar view, at least four ban reasons to emphasize a broad modeling effort twister, 1985~.
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From page 265... ...
In other words, ccmprehe~ ive model development would increase the likelihood that any simulation would capture salient aspects of the operational tasks -- even some that cannot be completely anticipated and "programmed in.'' Similarly, it would provide a better sampling of the overall task domain and hence a more content-valid basis for setting personnel selection requirements.
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From page 266... ...
Finally, model development encourages indeed forces -- the kind of Interaction among specialists in the design phase that will have to Order among operational specialists if the program is to be a summers. To mount a truly comprehensive modeling effort will demand creation of a shared language and knowledge base; the exercise will serve, in essence, as a case study ~ multidisciplinary coordination as well as the scarce of a design product.
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From page 267... ...
~ — ~ A Understanding Override and Stand-by Capabilities Clearly an important set of research issues centers around the idea that human judgment represents the last line of defense against the unanticipated. m e ultimate decision that some automated subsystem is malfunct~onlng, or that some low probability or unclassifiable situation has arisen, ark the skill to move quickly fray a relatively passive to an active Moe in response to it are critical elements of the h~nan's role.
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From page 268... ...
Training for the Known and the Unknown Issues of training and transfer are closely related to those of standby skill; in fact, the latter are really a subset of the former. The purpose of training is to establish habitual ways of thinking and acting in certain situations that are likely to improve individual or team performance whenever those situations arise.
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From page 269... ...
Of those more narrowly defined issues, I consider the matter of establishing institutional values or value assessment techniques as primary, followed closely by the need to clarify the override function, to find ways to maintain intellectual standby skills (or define an optima level of automation) , and to train operators to deal with changing and unanticipatab~e circumstances.
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From page 270... ...
Nevertheless, as the two presentations have cleanly d~nstra~, these basic literatures provide a rich sore of hypotheses arm leads for oonsideration ~ an evolving pr~rmn such as the space station. me judgmental heuristics arxt rating biases city by Fis~hhoff, for example, are indeed r ~ st risen ~ na, principles to be r ~ koned with in shaping the space station environment.
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From page 271... ...
The space station offers a very legitimate -- indeed, an unusually rich -- r~=l-world context within which to explore a variety of "basic" and "applied" research questions concurrently. Properly coordinated, the comb wed effort holds considerable promise for advancing cur understanding of fundamental judgment/decision processes in part because of the shared context.
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From page 272... ...
Yet the state of our knowledge does not permit neglect of either basic or applied research domains. There are, of course, a number of ways this coordination of basic and applied work might be achieved ranging from centralized administrative control to large-scale projects that are targeted to particular sets of issue= and encompass both basic and applied endeavors under one roof.
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From page 273... ...
1984 A theoretical Dative on heuristics and biases In prdbabitractic thin. Preys, Svenson ark Vari, ~c., Analyzer awl Aiding Decision Problems.
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From page 274... ...
New York: Plen~n Von Winterfeldt, D., and Edwards, W 1986 Decision Analysis ar~BehavioruIResear~h.
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