Biographical Memoirs Volume 56 (1987) / Chapter Skim
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Per Fredrik Thorkelsson Scholander
Per Fredrik Thorkelsson Scholander
Pages 386-413
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From page 387... ...
Scholancler was born in Sweden and grew up in a family of talent and culture. His father was an engineer; his mother, Norwegian born, was an accomplished professional pianist; his grandfather was a prominent architect, as well as a writer anc!
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From page 388... ...
He continucct collecting, and when his flora proved inadequate, he sought further help from the professor of botany, Bernt Lynge. Lynge recognizes!
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At that time ~ was a stuclent in (Copenhagen, and when Scholancler came to-give a lecture on his studies of diving animals, ~ sat there completely spelIbouncl by his brilliant presentation and the simple and logical answers he provided to questions that long tract puzzled physiologists who contemplatecl the mysteries of diving physiology. The most characteristic differences between a diving seal ant!
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From page 390... ...
that remains the foun dation for what we unclerstand today of the physiology of diving animals. At about the same time, Laurence Irving at Swarthmore College had also clone distinguished work on diving physiology, anct August Krogh arranger!
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From page 391... ...
He developecl simple and reliable field methods; for example, he stucTiecl the conditions under which field stoves causer! carbon monoxicle poisoning in tents and snow houses, he tried sleeping bags under blizzard conditions, and tested coverer!
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From page 392... ...
The information was in agreement with the simple physical laws of heat exchange, anti the studies clearly showed that below a certain temperature, the lower critical temperature, the metabolic rate increased linearly with the decrease in temperature. This mode} for the responses of warmbloocled animals to low temperatures has remained!
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From page 393... ...
Depending on the depth at which a fish is found, the gases in the swimblacicler are uncler high pressure. Gases that are dissolvecI in the surrounding seawater are at partial pressures close to those in the atmosphere, and they are secreted into the swimblacIder against pressures that in deep sea fish may amount to several hundred atmospheres.
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From page 394... ...
This, of course, is a more economical approach; keeping the legs warm requires a substantial increase in metabolic heat production. After three highly productive years in Norway, Scholancler was brought to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography through the efforts of its director, the oceanographer Roger Revelle, anc!
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From page 395... ...
. many years at the Scripps Institution was the design and builcling of the research vessel Alpha Helix.
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From page 396... ...
in a total of 547 publications in recognized scientific journals an impressive record for the relatively modest funds invested in the Alpha Helix. Not only through the Alpha Helix, but throughout his life, Scholander became a seminal figure for physiologists who were concerned with the problems that animals and plants encounter in nature.
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From page 397... ...
Scholancler's curiosity. It belongs to the story that the free rifle of the dolphins had been the subject of theoretical analysis by fluid clynamicists, but Scholander thought that the theory, to use his own words, "missort the boat." When on board a Norwegian sealing vessel, he rigged up a simple device with a streamlinect vane attached to a spring to measure the forces in the bow wave-anti he found that these might indeed explain how a dolphin gets the neecled forwarc!
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From page 398... ...
Archival material has been made available to me by Elizabeth N Shor, also of Scripps Institution of Oceanography.
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From page 399... ...
Air Force. Commissioned as Captain, 1943; Major, 1946 1946-1949 Research Biologist, Swarthmore College 1949-1951 Research Fellow, Department of Biological Chemistry Harvard Medical School 1952-1955 Physiologist, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 1955-1958 Professor of Zoophysiology, University of Oslo, and Director of Institute of Zoophysiology 1958 - 1973 Professor of Physiology, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego 1963-1970 Director, Physiological Research Laboratory, University of California, San Diego 1973 - 1980 Emeritus Professor, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego HONORS AND AWARDS Rockefeller Fellow, 1939-1941 Soldiers' Medal for Valor (for Aleutian rescue)
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From page 400... ...
b. New graphic methods for the recording of the respiratory gaseous exchange.
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Irving. Experiments on the relation between blood flow and heart rate in the diving seal.
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From page 402... ...
Micro gasometric estimation of the blood gases.
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From page 403... ...
Micro blood gas analysis in fractions of a cubic millimeter of blood.
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From page 404... ...
van Dam. Composition of the swimbladder gas in deep sea fishes.
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From page 405... ...
PER FREDRIK THORKELSSON SCHOLANDER 405 With W Flagg, R
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From page 406... ...
Krog. Counter current vascular heat exchange, with special reference to the arteriovenous bundles in sloths.
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From page 407... ...
Gas secretion in fishes lacking "rete mirabile." Acta Physiol. Scand., 42, suppl.
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From page 408... ...
Some effects of breath holding and apneic underwater diving on cardiac rhythm in man.
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From page 409... ...
Some effects of apneic underwater diving on blood gases, lactate, and pressure in man.
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e. Reverse osmosis and sap pressure in vascular plants.
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From page 411... ...
Thermal motion and forced migration of colloidal particles generate hydrostatic pressure in solvent.
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From page 412... ...
Positive tissue fluid pressure in the feet of antarctic birds. Microvasc.
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