Biographical Memoirs Volume 56 (1987) / Chapter Skim
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Vincent Du Vigneaud
Vincent Du Vigneaud
Pages 542-595
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From page 543... ...
When he was a freshman in high school, two friends, who had a chemical laboratory at home, invited him to join them in chemical experimentation. They obtained chemicals from a pharmacist and conducted experiments that involved the fabrication of explosives containing sulfur.
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C Rose, whose studies on nutrition of the white rat later became role models for some of clu Vigneaucl's metabolic investigations.
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From page 545... ...
In this connection, he became acquainted with Hans Clarke, who at the time was working for Eastman Kodak. Later, Clarke became professor and chairman of the Biochemistry Department at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York, and the two men struck up a lifelong friendship.
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From page 546... ...
Ber~edict. In connection with this move he stated: When I came to Cornell Medical College, I brought along five members of my research group, Mildred Cohn, George W
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From page 547... ...
I refuse to let my rewards rest in the hands of any committee." In answer to a congratulatory note I sent him on the occasion of his award, he answered: "The real thrill of such an aware! is sharing the pleasure with one's friends, and particularly with those who have been associated with me on the trail." The highly productive career at Cornell Medical College came to an enct with his assumption of emeritus status in 1967.
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From page 548... ...
With the rather primitive methods available at the time, the presence in such hyctrolysates of cystine and various other amino acids was establishect. Based on this evidence, it was .
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One clay, Max Bergmann came to visit the laboratory anti, lo and behoIcI, from that time on the carbobenzoxyamino acids crystallized beautifully.
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From page 550... ...
In 193 ~ du Vigneaud discovered a new sulfur-containing amino acid while exposing methionine to strong sulfuric acid. This compound was the next higher symmetrical homolog of cystine and he named it "homocystine." Later, he ctiscovered that the reduced form of this amino acid, homocysteine, was a metabolically important compound.
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From page 551... ...
The importance of serine as a precursor of cysteine had been clemonstrated earlier by Dewitt Stetten. Before continuing the discussion of du Vigneaucl's work on the intermediary metabolism of sulfur compounds, it seems fitting to have a short synopsis of the status of biochemistry in the 1930s.
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From page 552... ...
Du Vigneaud notect that his rats developed fatty livers while on experiment. It was known from the work of Best that choline inhibited fatty infiltration of the liver, and Du Vigneaud reasoned that this pathology could be the result of a choline deficiency.
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From page 553... ...
The work on biotin resultect from an invitation to du Vigneaud from Paul Gyorgy to collaborate in establishing the cry chemical nature of the anti-egg-white injury factor in liver,
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From page 554... ...
Perhaps the most outstanding were those dealing with the synthesis of minute quantities of the antibiotic and its identification with the natural compound. One amusing sidelight to the penicillin story comes from Sofia Simmonds.
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From page 555... ...
Of immediate importance were the Craig countercurrent distribution published in 1944 and the starch column technique of Moore anti Stein for the quantitative separation of mixtures of amino acids in acid hydrolysates of · . proteins on a micro sca e.
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From page 556... ...
Using the dinitrofluorobenzene technique of Sanger, it was shown that oxytocin contained a free amino group that was derived from one of the two cysteine residues; a free carboxy} group was not present. By a combination of the Edman technique and analysis of partial acid hydrolysates, the amino acid sequence of oxytocin was established as H-Cys-Tyr-Ile-Glu-Asp-Cys-Pro-Leu-Gly-OH.
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From page 557... ...
This appears to constitute the first example of the now well-established principle that the amino acid sequence of a protein endows it with the thermoclynamic information necessary for folding into a specific conformation. Based on these moclel reactions, flu Vigneaud synthesized N-benzyloxycarbonyI-S,S'-clibenzyloxytoceine and converted the synthetic material into active oxytocin in the manner discussed above.
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He stated, "It is a little startling to think that the amino acids when put together in a certain way, in a particular architecture, can react to such an array of compounds exhibiting such a variety of physiological and pharmacological properties." D u Vi gneaud 's fin ctin gs with oxytocin and vaso pressin were of great funciamental importance: They demonstrated for the first time that replacement of certain amino acid residues in the sequence of a physiologically active peptide can bring about significant changes in biological action. The exchange in oxytocin of isoleucine for phenylalanine and of leucine for arginine (or lysine)
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From page 559... ...
These were the evenings when he came to visit with his collaborators. Smoking a White Owl cigar, which he gracefully waved poised between his strong fingers, he sharer!
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THE AUTHOR IS INDEBTED to Drs. Martha Ferger, Sofia Simmonds, and Marilyn Renee Brown for their help in collecting source materials.
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MEMBERSHIPS National Academy of Sciences, 1944 American Philosophical Society, 1944 Royal Society of Sciences of Uppsala, Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1954 Honorary Fellow, Royal Institute of London, 1959 AWARDS AND LECTURESHIPS 1950 Hillebrand Award, Washington Chemical Society, 1936 Foster Lecturer, University of Buffalo, 1939 Harvey Society Lecturer, 1942
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From page 562... ...
562 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS Meade-Johnson Vitamin B Complex Award, American Institute of Nutrition, 1942 Hitchcock Lecturer, University of California, 1944 Nichols Medal, New York Section, American Chemical Society, 1945 Borden Award, Association of American Medical Colleges, 1947 Visiting Lecturer, American Swiss Foundation for Scientific Ex change, Switzerland, 1947 Award of Merit for War Research, United States Government, 1948 Lasker Award, American Public Health Association, 1948 Stieglitz Memorial Lecturer, University of Chicago, 1948 Eastman Lecturer, University of Rochester, 1949 Liversidge Lecturer, University of Cambridge, 1949 Special Lecturer, University of London, 1949 Messenger Lecturer, Cornell University, 1950 Herter Lecturer, New York University, 1952 Fdsel B Ford Lecture, Henry Ford Hospital, 1954 Goldforb Lecturer, 1954 Harvey Society Lecturer, 1954 Osborne and Mendel Award, 1954 John Scott Award, Philadelphia, 1954 Remsen Memorial Lecturer, Johns Hopkins University, 1954 Scientific Award, American Pharmaceutical Manufacturers' Asso ciation, 1954 Chandler Award, Columbia University, 1955 Annual Hanna Lecturer, Western Reserve University, 1955 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Foundation, 1955 Passano Award, Passano Foundation, 1955 Dakin Memorial Lecturer, Adelphi College, 1956 Willard Gibbs Medal, Chicago Section, American Chemical Society, 1956 Nieuwland Lecturer, University of Notre Dame, 1956 Edgar Fahs Smith Lecturer, University of Pennsylvania, 1958 Alumni Achievement Award, University of Illinois, 1959 Martland Memorial Lecturer, 1959 Nutrition Foundation's 20th Anniversary Award, 1961 Pirquet Society of Clinical Medicine Medalist, 1964 American College of Physicians Award, 1965 The Eli Lilly Lecture Award, Endocrine Society, 1967
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From page 563... ...
VI. Further contributions to the question whether or not crystalline insulin is an adsorption product.
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From page 564... ...
Meyer. ~ ne racem~zat~on ot amino acids in aqueous solution by acetic anhydride.
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From page 565... ...
The oxidation of the sulfur of the acetyl and formyl derivatives of d- and l-cystine in the animal body.
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From page 566... ...
Med., 33:371-73. 1936 With Robert Ridgely Sealock and Cecil Van Etten.
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From page 567... ...
Irish. The role of the acetyl derivative as an intermediary stage in the biological synthesis of amino acids from keto acids.
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From page 568... ...
Keppel. The ability of homocystine plus choline to support growth of the white rat on a methionine-free diet.
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From page 569... ...
Chandler, Mildred Cohn, and George Bosworth Brown. The transfer of the methyl group from methionine to choline and creatine.
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The amphoteric nature of the presser principle of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
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Soc., 64:188-89. With George Bosworth Brown and Joseph P
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Armstrong, and George Bosworth Brown. Synthesis of a 3,4-diaminotetrahydrothiophene and a comparison of its stability with the diaminocarboxylic acid derived from biotin.
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News., 23:623-25. With Herbert McKennis, Jr., Sofia Simmonds, Karl Dittmer, and George Bosworth Brown.
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With Sofia Simmonds and Mildred Cohn. A further investigation of the ability of sarcosine to serve as a labile methyl donor.
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Chem., 170:245-50. With Sofia Simmonds and Mildred Cohn.
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From page 576... ...
Reactions of mustard-type vesicants with alpha-amino acids.
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Maw. Compounds related to dimethylthetin as sources of labile methyl groups.
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Preliminary studies on the amino acid content of a high potency preparation of the oxytocic hormone of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
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Studies on high potency oxytocic material from beef posterior pituitary lobes.
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Partial purification and amino acid content of vasopressin from hog posterior pituitary glands.
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Popenoe. A partial sequence of amino acids in performic acid-oxidized vasopressin.
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() xytoc~n, the principal oxytocin hormone of the posterior pituitary gland: Its isolation, structure, synthesis.
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Ward. Studies on the purification of lysine vasopressin from hog pituitary glands.
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Katsoyannis. Arginine-vasotocin, a synthetic analogue of the posterior pituitary hormones containing the ring of oxytocin and the side chain of vasopressin.
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Fitt, Miklos Bodanszky, and Maureen O'Connell. Synthesis and some pharmacological properties of a peptide deriv
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From page 586... ...
Kimbrough, Jr. Lysine-vasotocin, a synthetic analogue of the posterior pituitary hormones containing the ring of oxytocin and the side chain of lysine-vasopressin.
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Chan. Comparison of the pharmacologic properties of oxytocin and its highly potent analogue, desamino-oxytocin.
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Prep., 10:122-25. The hormones of the posterior pituitary gland with special reference to their milk-ejecting ability.
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With George Flouret. The synthesis of D-oxytocin, the enantiomer of the posterior pituitary hormone, oxytocin.
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From page 590... ...
Their synthesis and some of their pharmacological properties. Biochemistry, 5:3720-27.
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From page 591... ...
Soc., 90:7106-10. Hormones of the mammalian posterior pituitary gland and their naturally occurring analogues.
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The synthesis and certain pharmacological properties of deamino-oxytocinoic acid methylamide and deamino-oxytocinoic acid dimethylamide.
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From page 593... ...
Synthesis and pharmacological properties of deaminotocinamide and a new synthesis of tocinamide.
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From page 594... ...
Synthesis and certain pharmacological properties of lysine-vasopressinoic acid methylamide and lysinevasopressinoic acid dimethylamide.
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From page 595... ...
Ferger. Synthesis and some pharmacological properties of [1-~Maa]
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