Biographical Memoirs Volume 56 (1987) / Chapter Skim
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Richard McLean Badger
Richard McLean Badger
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Biographical Memoirs VOLUME 56
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McLean Badger an unusual person. The meticulous care shown in his scientific work and in his teaching was also eviclent in his artistic activities, for he was an accomplishes!
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This is presented to teachers of undergraduates who have been "personally responsible over a period of years for awakening in students a genuine interest in chemistry, for inspiring them to serious intellectual effort in studying that field, and for developing that interest into a continuing education." His love and enthusiasm for the outdoors and the unexplored are well illustrated by the occasion when, in early clays, he drove withy close friend to a point in the vicinity of the Big Sur on the coast of California to begin a long backpacking over rough ant! unmarked terrain to encounter friends who hac!
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This latter work with Tolman was a study of the corresponclence principle, in which, for the first time, a comparison of experimental ciata was macle of its predictions as to the absolute-rather than merely the relative strength of spectrum lines. The experimental ciata on the absolute intensity of spectral lines was, at that time, very limited.
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This tract a symmetrical pyramidal structure that could lead to some simplification in the increasing complexity of the spectra of polyatomic molecules. He early reported, in a brief note in Nature, the finding of an unexpectedly simple spectrum of six lines in the far infrared lying between 55 ~ and ~ 30 lo.
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Upon going to the use of a long-focus grating and high resolution, they encountered the interesting circumstance that with this considerable laboratory air path, there always appeared in absorption on their plates the lines of an oxygen molecule band at 7600 A, well-known in the solar spectrum, Fraunhofer's A This band had been measured earlier several times, but always in the solar spectrum where the lines were
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On return to Pasadena, and utilizing the high resolution obtainable with long-focus gratings and photography, Badger instituted a program for the investigation of the rotation-vibration spectra of a number of the simpler polyatomic molecules. This developed into a long series of studies with graduate students and associates, continuing into the spectra of molecules of increasingly complicated structure, and becoming the main portion of his life's scientific work.
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Recognizing the importance of regularities in behavior from molecule to molecule in unclerstancling the nature of the chemical bond, and giving consideration to the earlier attempts to express these analytically, Badger carried out an extensive survey of the information available on the force constant and internuclear distance in a considerable number of diatomic molecules. The result of this survey lecT him to the expression for diatomic molecules kO(re - 1,j)
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Foreseeing the help that spectroscopic studies in the photographic infrared couIct contribute to an understanding of the special type of chemical linkage known as the hydrogen boncI, Badger initiated in 1937 a series of researches that contributed greatly to the elucidation of this phenomenon, as it appears in both inter- and intramolecular boncting by hydrogen atoms. Utilizing the excellent spectroscopic facilities that he had developed, he, with a considerable number of graduate stu dents and postdoctoral fellows, stuclied, over the ensuing years, the spectra of a series of compounds in which this type of linkage occurred, each of these studies helping to clarify the manner in which hydrogen atoms act in forming such a bond.
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A further excellent illustration of his unusual ability in Resigning and constructing apparatus is container] in instances that permitted extending these researches not only to organic molecules of greatly increasing complexity, but also to the optical investigation of these substances in the solicI state.
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The infrared spectrum and molecular configuration of hydrogen persulfide, the sulfur analog of hydrogen perox icle, were studied, the results strongly supporting a chain structure for the molecule. The infrared absorption of the urea molecule in the crystalline state was recorded, working with single micro-crystals ot urea and with polarized radiation.
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Also, an extensive spectroscopic stucly of the infrarec! spectrum anti the structure of gaseous nitrous acid, using both the molecules HONO and DONO, showed that this sub stance exists in two tautomeric forms, apparently bans ant!
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The work concerned the very weak transition in the oxygen molecule involving the low-lying ilk level. The writer of this biography, in referring back to that research, tract occasion to look for the doctoral theses of the two collaborators, assuming that they tract been graduate students.
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A new kind of test of the correspondence principle based on the prediction of absolute intensities of spectral lines.
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Soc., 56:343-47. A relation between internuclear distances and bond force constants.
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Am., 25:355-56. The relation between the internuclear distances and force constants of molecules and its application to polyatomic molecules.
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Chem., 33:984-90. 1946 Infrared and Raman spectra of polyatomic molecules (book review)
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The infrared spectrum and molecular configuration of hydrogen persulfide.
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Infrared absorption associated with strong hydrogen bonds.
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