The Earth's Electrical Environment (1986) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 109-110
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From page 109... ...
Strong electrification does not occur until the cloud and precipitation develop above a threshold altitude that is 7-8 km above MSL in the summer months, corresponding to an air temperature of - 15 to - 20°C. The main negative charge resides at and below this altitude at temperatures that are remarkably similar within a given storm and in different kinds of storms.
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From page 110... ...
Compounding this difficulty are observations that electrification is more widespread than strong precipitation in a storm and that precipitation below the main negativecharge region is often observed to be positively charged. In convection theories the charges reside primarily on small cloud particles, which can carry much more charge per unit volume of cloudy air than precipitation.
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