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From page 121... ...
In collisions between wet hail and cloud drops or ice crystals, charge relaxation should be controlled by liquid water and the charging rate comparable to induction in the rain stage. The maximum charge attained would be governed by the average contact angle in Eq.
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From page 122... ...
Investigation of these various parameters covers many of the conditions found in the hail stage and helps to sort out contributions of freezing potentials from contact potentials and the thermoelectric effect. Recent studies have shown that interface potentials for bulk solutions near 0°C are substantially reduced by supercooling, apparently from the effects of the dendritic interface (Caranti and Illingworth, 1983a)
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From page 123... ...
In summary, interface charging occurs between riming precipitation particles and ice crystals with a negative charge acquired by the precipitation for temperatures below about - 15°C or - 20°C depending on the liquid-water content. The separation of charge appears to result from an interface potential with an amount given by Eq.
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