Skip to main content

Currently Skimming:


Pages 121-123

The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.


From page 121...
... In collisions between wet hail and cloud drops or ice crystals, charge relaxation should be controlled by liquid water and the charging rate comparable to induction in the rain stage. The maximum charge attained would be governed by the average contact angle in Eq.
From page 122...
... Investigation of these various parameters covers many of the conditions found in the hail stage and helps to sort out contributions of freezing potentials from contact potentials and the thermoelectric effect. Recent studies have shown that interface potentials for bulk solutions near 0°C are substantially reduced by supercooling, apparently from the effects of the dendritic interface (Caranti and Illingworth, 1983a)
From page 123...
... In summary, interface charging occurs between riming precipitation particles and ice crystals with a negative charge acquired by the precipitation for temperatures below about - 15°C or - 20°C depending on the liquid-water content. The separation of charge appears to result from an interface potential with an amount given by Eq.


This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More information on Chapter Skim is available.