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Pages 323-332

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From page 323...
... arsines,l5 Alkyldihaloarsines, 14, 15 Alkyldihydroxyarsines, 14, 15 Aluminum arsenate, 45 Analytic methods for arsenic atomic absorption, 224, 259-60 atomic emission spectroscopy, 260 coprecipitation, 258 electrochemical, 224, 261 gas chromatography, 261 liquid-liquid extraction, 258 molecular-absorption spectrophotometry, 259 neutron-activation analysis, 224, 260-61 volatilization, 258-59 Animals arsenic concentration in, 24-25, 243-53 arsenic derived from tissues of, 104-5
From page 324...
... 80-81 as pesticides, 34 biochemical response to, I 19-20 environmental importance of, 4 hydrolytic instability of, 9 imports of, 26, 31 inorganic, I I methods for determining, 261 methods for disposing of, 67-68 methylation of, I 1-12 mutagenic effects of, 193-95 organic, 10-1 1 plant translocation of, 81-88 suggested research for analyzing, 229 teratogenic effects of, 191-93 toxic and no-effect doses of, 128, 13031, 132-33 toxicity of adaptation to, 136-37 factors influencing, 128-32 mechanism of, 133-36 of trivalent versus pentavalent, 133-36 used as feed additives, 149-52 vaporization of, 33 war and riot-control uses for, 41 Arsenic cycle, 46, 218 for total environment, 68, 70 importance of change in, 79 in agronomic ecosystem, 68-69 in terrestrial ecosystem, 69 Arsenic halide, 15
From page 325...
... See Exposure to arsenic Arsenites, 9 effect on plants, 120, 126 reduction of, 11, 77 Arsenous acids, 6-7 Arsonates, toxicity of, 127 325 Arsonic acids, 39-40 Arsphenamine, 2, 40 Atmosphere arsenic concentration in, 25-26, 27 arsenic emission into, 26 Atom, arsenic, 5, 10 Atomic absorption, to measure 224, 259-60 Atomic emission spectroscopy, 260 Bacteria arsenic metabolism in, 77, 88-89 reduction of arsenate to arsenite by, 8 Beer, toxic amounts of arsenic in, 179, 180 Bees, arsenic concentration in, 54 Biologic effects of arsenic in aquatic organisms, 157-60, 161-63, 220 in domestic animals, 144-57, 158, 220 in laboratory animals, 128-44, 221 in man, 173-215 passim, 222-23 in microorganisms, 117-18, 221 in plants, 119-27 in wildlife, 160, 164-72, 220 Birds arsenic metabolism in, 101, 103 arsenic toxicity to, 166-67, 169, 172 Blood, arsenic concentration, 113 Blood-mammary barrier to arsenic, 113 Bowen's disease, from arsenic exposure, 185-86 Bronchiectasis, from arsenic exposure, 181 Bronchopneumonia, from arsenic exposure, 180-81 Burns, from arsenic chloride, 14- 1 S Cacodylic acid absorption of, 116 as desiccant, 45 as herbicide, 36, 37, 58 disposal of, 58-59, 64 in algae, fish, and snails, 93, 94, 95 reactions of, 13-14 reduction of, 77 translocation of, 83, 87 Calcium arsenate as pesticide, 9, 34 disposal of, 59-60, 64-65 Caparsolate, 41 Carbarsone, 40, 152
From page 326...
... See Mutagenic effects of arsenic Claudetite, 5 Coal arsenic trioxide from, 66 emission of arsenic from burning, 73-74 Colorimetry, to measure arsenic, 224 Concentration of arsenic in animals, 24-25, 243-53 in atmosphere, 25-26, 27 in earth's crust, 16 in man, 24-25 in marine organisms, 25, 217 in minerals, 16 in plants, 24, 233-42 in rocks, 4, 17-18 in soils, 4, 18-19, 40, 217 in water, 4, 20-23, 217 systemic, 175, 176 Consumption of arsenic, 26, 217-18 as additive metal, 41-42 in desiccants, 37-38 in drugs, 40-41 in feed additives, 39~0 Index in glass manufacturing, 42-43 in herbicides, 36-37 in pesticides, 3, 33, 34 in semiconductor technology, 42 in wood preservatives, 38-39 Copper arsenic emission from smelting, 32 arsenic imported in, 26 Copper acetoarsenite as pesticide, 3, 34 disposal of, 60, 65-66 poisonous gas emitted by, l l Copper arsenate, 38-39 Coprecipitation arsenic from solution by, 20 in analysis of arsenic samples, 258 Corrosion, arsenic's resistance to, 42 Cotton arsenic acid as desiccant for, 37-38, 52, 59 arsenic residues from production of, 45, 52-53 effect of methanearsonates on, 50-51, 125 use of arsenical herbicides in produc tion of, 36-37 Crustaceans. See Mollusks and crustaceans Cupric arsenite, 9, 11 Deer, arsenic poisoning of, 167-68 Desiccants arsenic used in, 37-38, 52, 59 cacodylic acid as, 45 .
From page 327...
... ammonium methanearsonate, 83, 84 Doses, of arsenic suggested research on, 228 therapeutic, 176-77 toxic and no-effect, 128, 130-31, 132-33, 222 toxic, in wildlife, 165 Drugs. See Medicinal use of arsenic Dust, arsenic in, 26, 27, 56, 174 Earth's crust, arsenic in, 116 Ecosystem, arsenic in, 68-69, 225 Electrochemical methods, for measuring arsenic, 224, 261 Electrostatic precipitation, for removing arsenic, 63 Emission of arsenic, 26 from coal burning, 73-74 from mining and processing of phosphate rock, 74 from pesticides, 76-77 from processing of nonferrous metals, 72 from smelters, 32, 71, 73, 224 industrial balance for, 74, 75 Environment arsenic contamination of, 224-26 arsenic cycle for, 68-79 distribution of arsenic in from residues, 43-58 from waste disposal, 58-68 man-made sources of, 26-43 natural sources of, 16-26 suggested research on, 231 327 effect of arsenic on, 3 Enzymes, interaction with thiol proteins, 13, 15 Epidemiologic effects of arsenic, 202, 223 suggested research on, 227-28 Erythromelalgia, from arsenic poisoning, 178, 182 Esters hydrolyzed, 12, 220 prepared from arsenous or arsenic acid, 9-10 Excretion of arsenic in urine, 105-7, 108, 110-11, 113, 132, 154 through skin, 114, 116, 189, 190-91 Exposure to arsenic chronic, 184-87 delayed effects of, 186-87 effects of, 180-84 from dust, 174 standards for, 25-26 systemic absorption from, 175, 176 Eyes, effect of arsenic on, 153, 154 Fallout, removal of arsenic in, 76, 77 Feed additives arsenic compounds used as, 149-53 arsenic used in, 39-40, 217 disposal of waste from, 61-62 toxicity of, 149-50, 151, 220 Fertilizer, effect of arsenic content on soils and crops, 44, 176, 217-18 Filter-bag house operations, for removing arsenic, 63 Fish arsenic concentration, 54 arsenic metabolism in, 100-101, 102, 219 arsenic residues in, 103 arsenic toxicity to, 159-60, 161-63 cacodylic acid accumulation in, 93, 94, 95 dietary intake of arsenic in, 111 Fluxing, for vaporization of arsenic, 33 Fly ash, arsenic in, 56, 73 Foods, arsenic in, 54.
From page 328...
... See Pesticides Iron arsenate, 45 Iron ore, arsenic in, 74 Ischemia, from arsenic exposure, 181 Index Keratoderma, from arsenic exposure, 184 Keratoses from arsenic poisoning, 178-79, 182, 184, 185, 186, 188, 191 skin cancer related to, 196, 202, 206-8 Leaching, arsenic, 44-45 Lead arsenate as pesticide, 9, 33-34, 58, 217 carcinogenicity of, 205-6 disposal of, 59~0, 64~5 effect on humans, 58 effect on plants, 49 in medical drugs, 41 residues from, 43 Leukemia, 203-4 Leukoderma, from arsenic exposure, 184, 186, 187 Lewisite, 5, 14, 175 Liquid-liquid extraction, to analyze arsenic samples, 258 Liver, arsenic-caused cancer of, 213-14, 223 Lungs,arsenic-caused cancer of, 175, 185, 197, 199, 200, 208-10, 211-12, 213, 223 Magnesium arsenate, 34 Man arsenic concentration, 24-25 cacodylic acid absorption in, 116 distribution of arsenic in, 108 excretion of arsenic by in urine, 111, 113, 132 through skin, 114, 116, 189, 190-91 toxicity of arsenic to from contact, 174-76 from exposure, 184-87 Marine organisms. See also Fish; Shellfish arsenic concentration, 25 arsenic toxicity to, 157, 159-60, 161 -63 Mass spectrometry, for measuring arsenic, 169, 261 Measurement of arsenic, methods for, 223-24, 225-26, 259-61 Medicinal use of arsenic diseases treated by, 40-41, 174, 194, 217 needed reevaluation of, 190 safety of, 2 tolerated doses of, 176-77 toxic reactions to, 173, 189
From page 329...
... Index Melanosis, from arsenic exposure, 182, 183, 186, 187, 196, 202, 206-8 Melarsonyl, 41 Merlarsoprol, 40 Metabolism of arsenic in birds, 101, 103 in fish, 100-101, 102, 219 in mammals, 103-15, 219 in microorganisms, 77, 88-89, 92, 96-97, 219 in mollusks and crustaceans, 98-100, 219 in plants, 80-88, 120, 218-19 of selenium, 141-42 Methanearsonates as herbicides, 36-37 effect on cotton, 50-51, 125 in plant foods, 104 translocation of, 83-88 Methanearsonic acid as herbicide, 12, 45 concentration in urine, 105-7 conversion of, 13 effect on cotton, 125 reduction of, 14, 77 translocation of, 86, 87 Methylarsines, 11 effect on biologic systems, 14 oxidation of, 77 Methylation of arsenic compounds, 11-12, 14, 215, 216-17 Microorganisms adaptation to arsenic, 118-19 arsenic metabolism in, 88-97 in algae, 92-96 in bacteria, 88-89, 219 in fungi and molds, 89, 92, 219 in plankton, 96-97 toxicity of arsenic to, 117-18 Military use of arsenic, 27, 32, 36, 41 Minerals, arsenic in, 16 Molds arsenic metabolism in, 89, 92-93 conversion of arsenic compounds to methylated arsines by, 11, 217 Mollusks and crustaceans arsenic metabolism in, 98-100 dietary intake of arsenic in, l l 1 Monosodium methanearsonate as herbicide, 36, 45, 217 329 disposal of, 59, 64 effect on cotton, 125 translocation of, 86, 87, 88 Mutagenic effects of arsenic, 193-95, 223 suggested research on, 228 Nails arsenic concentration, 25 effect of arsenic poisoning on, 179, 183, 189 Necrosis, from arsenic toxicity, 123, 124 Neoarsphenamine, 41 Neurologic symptoms of arsenic poisoning, 177, 178, 183 Neutron-activation analysis, to measure arsenic, 224, 260-61 Nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid, 152, 153 Nuclear-magnetic resonance studies, 6 Nutrients, interaction between arsenicals and, 125-26 Occupational hazards of arsenic, 183-84, 222 for vintners, 186, 188, 197, 212 from chemical plants, 201, 208, 210, 212 from gold mining, 213 from sheep dip, 187, 197, 207, 210 from smelters, 175, 187, 209-10 Ores, arsenic from smelting of nonferrous, 26-27 Oxidation of arsenic, 16, 19, 216 of methylarsines, 77 Particulate matter, from metal smelters, 33 Pentavalent arsenic compounds, 10, 104 for wood preservatives, 39 in feed additives, 150 reaction with thiols, 13 suggested research on growth-promoting effect of, 230-31 toxicity of, 8, 133-135 Pesticides arsenic residues from, 43, 58 arsenic used in, 3, 9, 33-34, 35, 217 effect on wildlife, 160, 164, 166 hazards from arsenical, 35-36, 188 mobile arsenic from, 76-77 suggested assessment of effects of nonuse of, 229-30
From page 330...
... . _, arsenic emlSS1011 IrOm mllllllg, /4 arsenic in, 18, 19 Phosphorus, interaction between arsenic and, 9-10, 120, 125-26 Phosphorylation, 120, 127 Phytotoxicity, arsenic in plants, 48, 50, 120-25, 127, 221 in soils, 45 Plankton, arsenic in, 96 Plants absorption of arsenic by, 80-81 arsenic concentration, 24, 233-42 arsenic derived from, 104 arsenic metabolism in, 81-88, 120 arsenic residues in, 48-53 arsenic toxicity in, 44, 120-25 beneficial effects of arsenic on, 50 Pollution from arsenic 'control of, 216 from coal-burning power plants, 137 from smelters', 32-33, 218, 224 Polyneuritis, from arsenic poisoning, 25 Potassium arsenate, 9, 191 Potassium arsenite, 204-5 Poultry arsenic concentration, 53 arsenic toxicity in, 154, 157 safe concentration of arsenic for, 152 Production of arsenic, 26, 28 Psoriasis arsenic therapy for, 194 skin cancer realted to, 196 Radioactive isotopes, to study arsenic distribution, 108, 109 Rain, removal of arsenic from atmosphere by, 76 Raman spectral studies, 6 Raynaud's syndrome, from arsenic exposure, 181, 182 Recycling of arsenic, 43, 67, 218 Research suggestions for assessing environmental effects of arsenic, 227-231 Residues of arsenic, 218 in air, 56-58 Index in animals, 53-54 in fish, 103 in foods, 54-55, 225 in plants, 48-53 in soils, 43~6, 103 in water, 46-48, 103 suggested guidelines for disposal of, 230 Respiratory tract, arsenic-caused cancer of,l99-201,210,212 Riot control, arsenical compounds used for, 41 Rocks, arsenic in, 4, 17- 18 Samples, arsenic analysis of, 258-59 collection of, 255-56 dissolution of, 256-57 preparation of, 257-58 Scrubbers, for removing arsenic, 63 Seafood.
From page 331...
... See Medicinal use of arsenic Thiols effect on arsenic acids, 13 interaction with enzymes, 13, 15 Threshold limit for arsenic, 25-26 Tobacco, arsenic content of, 48 Tolerance to arsenic by microorganisms, 119 by plants, 49, 53 by wildlife, 164, 165 Toxicity of arsenic. See also Arsenic poisoning; Symptoms of arsenic toxicity to aquatic organisms, 159-60, 220 to domestic animals, 144-54, 220 to laboratory animals, 128-44 to man, 220, 222 from contact, 174-76 from exposure, 184-87 to microorganisms, 117-18, 221 to plants, 44, 120-25 to wildlife, 164-69, 172, 220 Translocation of arsenic in plants, 81, 218-19 by acid-arsenic method, 82 from foliage to tubers, 83-85 Trimethylarsine, 11, 13, 45, 77, 217 Triorganyl arsenite, 9 Trivalent arsenic compounds, 10 reaction with thiols, 13 toxicity of, 8, 133-36 Tryparsamide, 41 Uptake, arsenic by algae, 92 by plankton, 97 by plants, 19, 49, 81 Urban areas, arsenic concentration in air, 5~57 Urinary arsenic, 25 excretion, 105-7, 108, 110-11, 113, 132, 180
From page 332...
... 332 from occupational exposure, 175, 183-84, 188, 198 Valence, of arsenic, 113, 114 Vapor pressure, of cubic arsenic trioxide, 6 Vegetables, arsenic content of, 48~9, 52 Venereal disease, arsphenamine to treat, 2 Volatilization of arsenic, during smelting, 27 to analyze arsenic samples, 258-59 Volcanic rock, arsenic-rich water from, 23 Warts, from arsenic exposure, 183, 187, 188 Wastes, arsenic. See Residues of arsenic Wastewater, arsenic content of, 66 Water arsenic-caused cancer from, 202, 208 Index arsenic concentration, 4, 46 in fresh water, 21-22 in groundwater, 20, 23 in seawater, 20 in sediments of, 20, 23 arsenic poisoning from, 180, 183 arsenic residues in, 47~8, 103 emission of arsenic into, 76, 77 Weathering, arsenic, 69 Wet-vacuum pumps, for removing arsenic, 63 Wildlife effect of arsenic on, 164, 166, 167-68 tissue arsenic concentration in, 169-71 Wood preservatives, arsenic used in, 38-39, 157 Zinc, interaction of arsenicals with, 126 Zinc arsenate, as pesticide, 34


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