New Vaccine Development Establishing Priorities: Volume II, Diseases of Importance in Developing Countries (1986) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix D-11: The Prospects for Immunizing Against Rabies Virus
Appendix D-11: The Prospects for Immunizing Against Rabies Virus
Pages 287-298
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From page 287... ...
_ . Rabies is a rapidly progressive and uniformly fatal viral meningoencephalitis in humans caused by the bullet-shaped viral particles of the rabies group of Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus (Shope, 19841.
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Immunological and neurological complications occur at low frequencies; neurological complications, including postvaccinal encephalitis and transient neuroparalytic illness, occur in 1:25,000 vaccinees and lead to death in 1:225,000 (Rubin et al., 1969~. The DEV remains the major rabies vaccine in many parts of the world.
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From page 289... ...
Attenuation of rabies virus has been shown to be related to replacement of arginine in position 333 by either isoleucine or glutamine in the viral glycoprotein {World Health Organization, 1984~. Virus adapted to laboratory conditions is characterized by a fixed and shortened incubation period and by a tendency for viral particles to bud from the plasma membranes rather than from intracytoplasmic membranes as is typical of wild virus (Shope, 1984~.
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The effect of T particles on the development of the immune response is not clear, although they may prolong the incubation period and allow more time for post-exposure prophylaxis. DISTRIBUTION OF DISEASE Geographic Distribution Canine rabies is enzootic in at least 87 countries and on every continent except Australia.
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From page 291... ...
Other figures are based on information from the World Health Organization {1984j. Population figures for calculating rates are from the 1984 World Population Data Sheet (Population Reference Bureau, 1984~.
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293 s4 0 p4 lo To so 0 a, PA l UP U)
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The main role of a rabies vaccine for humans is to provide postexposure prophylaxis for dog and other animal bites. Post-exposure prophylactic regimens have been published widely (American Public Health Association, 1985)
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dog control through immunization and registration of family pets, and destruction of stray populations (control efforts could include animal contraception and mass immunization of dogs in endemic areas)
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DEV has the advantage of being relatively inexpensive. An alternative cell culture medium is a continuous, aneuploid cell line derived from the vervet monkey kidney, called Vero (WHO Expert Committee on Rabies, 1984~.
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1984. Immunogenicity of a new, highly purified and concentrated duck embryo rabies vaccine.
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From page 298... ...
1984. Protection from rabies by a vaccinia virus recombinant containing the rabies virus glycoprotein gene.
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