Energy Use The Human Dimension (1984) / Chapter Skim
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5: Organizations and Energy Consumption
5: Organizations and Energy Consumption
Pages 106-131
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From page 106... ...
The first part of the chapter focuses on organizations as energy users; the second on the roles of intermediaries -- many of which are organizations -- in energy use. ORGANIZATIONS AS ENERGY USERS There is very little empirical research that focuses directly on organizational behavior with respect to energy consumption.
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From page 107... ...
The most common and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.
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From page 108... ...
These are difficult and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.
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From page 109... ...
leads to a tightening of controls and centralization. Under conditions of organizational slack, lower-level decision and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted.
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From page 110... ...
As a result, the real availability of funds for a project in an organization depends on such things as the stage of the budget cycle, the departmental location of the project, and the amount of slack in the budget. Many organizational investments relevant to energy consumption involve asking whether there is money in the budget for the project, rather than what its return on investment or payback period might be.
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From page 111... ...
and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.
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From page 112... ...
As energy costs increase, managers will look for possible mergers or other forms of organizational arrangements that give them greater immediate control over their own supplies. If energy shortages seem likely, they will try to build their inventories and will probably build them to levels that are not justified by standard decision analysis.
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From page 113... ...
connect problems and solutions on the and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.
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From page 114... ...
Organizations attend to things that are on the agendas of active, well-organized interests, and those and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.
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From page 115... ...
The general principle underlying effective policies is that, to ensure that incentives for energy efficiency influence organizational action, energy efficiency must be interpreted into organizational goals, procedures, and routines. This can be done by assigning responsibility, building energy considerations into accounting and design routines, improving measurements of energy flows, and by using the resources of trade and professional associations.
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From page 116... ...
It might initially focus on the effects on organizational energy use of engineering decisions, accounting and monitoring systems, and the organizational status accorded energy management. Policies found to be effective in federal agencies are often adaptable in state and local government agencies and in organizations in the private sector.
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From page 117... ...
More aggressive federal and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.
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From page 118... ...
buildings is probably used in buildings or by space and water heating equipment originally purchased by intermediaries. In the and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted.
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From page 119... ...
Because of this, even if renters were given incentives to cut energy use, they would probably have few ideas about how to earn them. Owners of rented buildings are also constrained in various ways from improving energy efficiency.
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From page 120... ...
After a building is occupied, the and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.
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From page 121... ...
and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.
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From page 122... ...
showed that actual energy savings varied enormously, and were often as and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.
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From page 123... ...
And the costs of embodied energy in many other commodities are miniscule for the purchaser. The energy costs are often significant to the producers, but, for reasons mentioned in the discussion above of organizational energy users, organizations do not always make economically rational choices about their energy use.
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From page 124... ...
But past procedures are often and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.
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From page 125... ...
The decisions were and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.
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From page 126... ...
As a result, the U.S. and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted.
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From page 127... ...
As a first step, the importance of intermediaries as possible agents for change should be emphasized. It is worthwhile to compare the impact on energy use that could be achieved through change by the intermediaries involved in a given area of energy consumption with the magnitude of change within the discretion of ultimate energy users.
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From page 128... ...
and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.
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From page 129... ...
But intermediaries are rarely skilled educators, and and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.
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From page 130... ...
in their empirical study of the adoption of innovations in thirteen high school districts obtained results that do not support the and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.
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From page 131... ...
Colorado, Boulder, 1982. ORGANIZATIONS AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION essarily early adopters of another (Mansfield, 1968; Webster, 1971)
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