Health Effects of Permethrin-Impregnated Army Battle-Dress Uniforms (1994) / Chapter Skim
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SUMMARY
SUMMARY
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overseas troops are malaria, scrub typhus, leishmaniasis, and Congo-Cr~mean hemorrhagic fever. Three tick-borne diseases Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and Colorado tick fever are often encountered by U.S.
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Controlled experiments in the laboratory and with human volunteers in the field show that clothing impregnated or sprayed with permethrin offers reliable protection against a wide range of vector insects and arthropods, such as mosquitoes, human body lice, tsetse flies, and ticks, including Oodles d~ammini, the principal vector of Lyme disease and human babesiosis in the United States. Therefore, the U.S.
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In response to the Army's request, the NRC's Committee on Toxicology established the Subcommittee to Review Permethrin Toxicity from Military Uniforms, which prepared this report. The subcommittee based its evaluation of permethrin-~mpregnated BDUs on a detailed examination of current data on permethrin toxicity in animals and humans, pharmacokinetics, and potential exposure of military personnel and garment workers.
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The average daily lifetime internal dose for garment workers was calculated to be 3.0 x lo-s mg/kg per day less than half the daily dose calculated for military personnel. That dose is only for dermal exposure from direct contact with permethrin-treated cloth and does not include possible exposure to permethrin by inhalation of permethrin-impregnated airborne particles from cutting and sewing the treated fabric.
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Rats and mice have survived permethrin exposures as high as 10,000 mg/kg (in feed)
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Because the daily lifetime permethrin dose for garment workers (3 x 10-s mg/kg per day) is less than the daily dose for military personnel (6.S x 10-s mg/kg per day)
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In studies of ~ % permethrin cream rinse to treat head lice and 5% permethrin cream to treat scabies in humans, mild skin irritation occurred in a small percentage of those treated. The subcommittee estimated a MOS of 126,000 based on the studies that used 5 % permethrin cream to treat scabies in humans.
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In other studies of neurotoxicity in rats, lesions caused by high concentrations of permethrin included swelling and increased vesiculation of unmyelinated nerves, hypertrophy of Schwann cells, fragmentation of myel~nated axons, and demyelination of sciatic nerves. In other studies, repeated oral administration of permethrin at doses of up to 9,000 mg/kg for 3 weeks or longer was not found to be neurotoxic in hens.
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The NOAEL for hepatocellular hypertrophy in rats has been estimated to be 10 mg/kg per day. The subcommittee concluded that the NOAEL of 10 mg/kg per day from the available liver toxicity data and the daily exposure to permethrin at a level of 6.S x 10-s mg/kg per day from wearing treated BDUs provide a MOS of approximately 150,000 for liver toxicity.
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REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY Data on reproductive and developmental toxicity of orally administered permethrin suggest that there are few toxic effects, and those tend to be limited to high doses. No reproductive or developmental toxicity data are available from dermal exposure studies, but dermal absorption is poor, and oral dosing would be expected to maximize any effects.
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These studies included tests for gene mutations in microbial systems (Ames Salmonella reverse mutation assay, forward mutation assay using Escherichia cold WP2, and Drosophila sex-linked recessive lethal test) and gene mutations in mammalian cells in culture (mouse lymphoma L517SY cells and V79 Chinese hamster ovary celIs)
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Small statistically significant elevations in sister chomatid exchanges, micronuclei, and chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocyte cultures were reported. Chromosomal aberrations were also reported in Chinese hamster ovary cells.
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An upper bound on the lifetime carcinogenic risk was estimated by multiplying the carcinogenic potency factor by the estimated average daily lifetime dose. For military personnel wearing permethrin-impreg
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The estimated upper-bound lifetime carcinogenic risk to garment workers, 6.9 x 10~7, is less than half the calculated upper-bound risk to military personnel. That value does not reflect the possibility of workers being exposed to permethrin from airborne particles of permethrin-~mpregnated fabric, and it might not represent a true upper bound on the overall carcinogenic risk to garment workers.
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The risk of vector-borne disease in the United States is considerably less but not zero. Military personnel wearing permethrin-~mpregnated BDUs in field operations in the United States will benefit from protection from tick and mosquito bites, which, in turn, will protect them from endemic diseases, such as Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and viral encephalitis.
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