Papers Commissioned for a Workshop on the Federal Role in Research and Development (1985) / Chapter Skim
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Biomedical Research and Development: Measuring the Returns on Investment
Biomedical Research and Development: Measuring the Returns on Investment
Pages 199-214
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From page 199... ...
How do ache returns on public funding of biomedical R&D compare with re~cu~s.s on in~resemene in the priorate sector? The past four decades have Aid essed an explosion in government and private funding of biomedical research, in drug and instrument patents, in biomedical research manpower, and in new biomedical j ournals .
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From page 200... ...
RESEARCH! In a widely cited study, Comroe and Dripps identified the key scientific papers underlying the top ten clinical advances in cardiovasculax-pulmonary medicine between 194S and 19tS.
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From page 201... ...
Besides the heart- lung bypass, open heart surgery required botch applied advances ire diagnostic techniques (cardiac catheterization) and basic advances in pharmacology ~ anesthetics and neuromuscular blocking agents)
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From page 202... ...
As many publicly funded projects move forward, however, the initially insurmountable setup costs begin to fall, ache uncertainty becomes more manageable, and certain narrower portions of the pro; ec become appropriable . At some point, privately funded Rhr)
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From page 203... ...
. Publicly funded research in molecular genetics has engendered priorate firms that employ recombinant DNA techniques deco synthesize scarce, important b iologicals in large quantities..
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From page 204... ...
Me current surgical treatment for diabetic vascular degeneration of the retina arose through application of laser technology. Direct visualization of internal organs ~ through the esophagoscope, ache flexible sigmoidoscope, the bronchoscope, even the office otoscope was enhanced markedly by the development of fiber optic illumination.
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From page 205... ...
Unfortunately, for a much wider range of research activities, rhe quantitative link between funds expended and cases prevented or cured is much more difficult to assess precisely. The age - ad; usted death rate from coronary heart disease has been declining for almost two decades.
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From page 206... ...
Accordingly, the overall returns from the aggregate investment in cancer treatment -- including screening of chemotherapeutic agents' development of powerful irradiation devices, clinical trials of radical versus limited surgery, immunotherapy, and bone marrow transplantation -- would be considerably lower. One avenue of inquiry is the computation of wide (but possibly still informative)
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From page 207... ...
Such intergenerational bans fers could reach the po int where the additional benefit of suppartir~g an older person exceeded ache additional cost of extracting a dollar from someone younger. Considerably more research has been devoted to the first source of bias than the second.
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From page 208... ...
Lee ideal case is where the government invests in R&D and licenses its discoveries deco private firms, which then are permitted to function legally as discriminating monopolists. In that case, public gains equal priorate profits.
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From page 209... ...
The research question is: Are there enough cases of fully appropriated private gains to s tudy in detail? How much of the return Deco publicly funded R&D on neuroleptics was captured ul~cimately by the manufacturers of benzodiazepines?
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From page 210... ...
This means everything from genetic concordance studies to neuroanatomy to clinical trials of multiple agents. In AIDS, the stray tentacles should be pulled in and efforts aimed straight at the prey -- whether he be antiviral agents, vaccines, methadone, or condoms .
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From page 211... ...
nThe Role of the Pharmaceutical Industry in Collaborative Research: The Calciteriol Storying In Biomedical Innovation. Edited by E
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From page 212... ...
"The Economic Cost of Illness: A Replication and Update," Realth Care Financing Retries, Vol.
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From page 213... ...
"Measuring Elus ive Benefits: On the Value of Health, " JOur;`a1 of Ideal oh Pol i tics, Pol icy and Law, ~1~1 .
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