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Pages 351-374

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From page 351... ... Hi s paper wit ~ describe the characters sties of the aged cultural sector and review briefs the nature of the federal role in Rap. Ha~r'ng Fresco ibed the context, the paper then will develop ~ taxonomy of the ef~ec-s of federal Rid) Read the entire page →
From page 352... ... Input use and output patterns and levels are the result of initial planning and of adaptation to climatic events . The time in-ansi tenets of the production process not only al lows exposure to uncertain climatic events, but also means that the output prices a~-ailacle at haves. Read the entire page →
From page 353... ... TlIE FEDERAL ROLE IN R&D Ri:IATED 3) IREC FLY TO AGRI CULTURAL PRODUCTION HISTORICAL ORIGINS Overviews of ache federal role in R&D have been provided by the General Accounting Office, 4 to: Cooperati7e State Research Service, Johnson and Widower, Hadwi~er, F:izharris, ~ and Peterson did Fitzharris. Read the entire page →
From page 354... ... By 1887, the Hatch Agricultural Experiment Station Act put full congressional support behind the concept of state experiment stations and a link between research and teaching. That those activities would be complementary and provide j oint benefits was presumed. Read the entire page →
From page 356... ... Source: S tate -Agricultural Experiment S Cations: Data for 1915 -1960 Taken from "Report on the Agricultural Experiment S cations, " published by the Office of Experiment Stations through 1953 and by ache Agricultural Research Seduce from ~ 9S4 through 19 60, Washington, OC . Data for 1961 -1973 taken from n Funds for Research at State Agricultural Stations, " Cooperative S tate Experiment S Cation Service, Washington, DC . Read the entire page →
From page 357... ... EFFECTS OF FEI) E:RAL R&D FOCUSED DIRECTLY ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION The conceptual schematic developed earlier presents a useful framework for enumerating the effects of federal R&D on the agricultural sector. Read the entire page →
From page 358... ... Source: General Accounting Off' ce. Federal Agricultural Research r ending: Issues and Cor.cer``s. Read the entire page →
From page 359... ... innovations affecting agriculture production and to identify the relative roles of federal, state, and private funding, only very limited information is available. Since 1965, the federal-state systems of experiment stations have collected a variety of information characterizing ongoing research and results of completed proj eats . Read the entire page →
From page 360... ... expenditures on problem- solving research might be measured, ache dependence of the effectiveness of such expenditures on prior federal expenditures on disciplinary research makes measurement of such DISC expenditures a prerequisite of any understanding of the federal role. In the absence of further details on R&D effort and effects, or on outputs from the R&D processes that might affect agricultural production, researchers attempting to measure the effects of R&D have limited their enquiries to R&D activities at state experiment stations. Read the entire page →
From page 361... ... In the case of the role of R&I) in agriculture, Ale maj ority of evidence takes ~ sharp focus on the relationship between R&D expenditures by state experiment stations and characteristics of the agricultural production process: output level, productivity of particular inputs or focal factor productivity, and, in a few studies, utilization of inputs. Read the entire page →
From page 362... ... , the specification of an econometric model of a production process mus t rely on a combination of prior knowledge of both the production process and the economic behavior of the managers of the process, and on the artful use of economic and econometric theory. Knowledge of the economic behavior of managers is required because economists do not have laboratories in which the production process can be observed in isolation. Read the entire page →
From page 363... ... Me literature has f ocused on ex posse evaluation of the rate of return to expenditures by state experiment stations2 A review of methods and- results is presented by Norton and Davis 8 Two approaches have been taken. In the firs t, the elrect of research expendi.~r~s on ache supply of aggregate agricultural output is estimated. Read the entire page →
From page 364... ... Pe~c~rson31 applied a generalization of this method to evaluate the returns to poultry- research. Although the approach was similar in pr~r.ciple to that used by Gr~liches, Peterson estimated ache rate of return to state experiment station and private sector research on poultry starting in i9~5 and found that net annual recurs remained negative until the mid-1930's; thereafter, however, p-osi~ive annual net benefits were realized. Read the entire page →
From page 365... ... Again, he was careful in interpreting results, but his calculations suggested that the rate of rerun to state experiment station research expenditure was in excess of 300 percent, and possibly as high as 1, 300 percent. If a six-year period is allowed for the R&D effect to take place, Peterson and Hayami4 point out that Griliches' estimates would imply an internal rate of retune' of about 53 percent. Read the entire page →
From page 366... ... Pou 1 try 1969 27 Oairy 1969 56 Ll vestock 1969 30 Cash grain 1974 44 Pou ~ try 1974 33 Dairy 1974 66 * ~ased on caximum lag 1engtt' esti~ated (9 years) Read the entire page →
From page 367... ... the production process. Perhaps the most important criticism of past data sets is their reliance upon research expenditures at stare experiment stations. Read the entire page →
From page 368... ... A final issue of some concern regarding data is che choice of geographical area within which far=-level date will ce aggregated, or over which estimated coefficients will be assumed invariant. Several issues concerning specification of the modal of agricu~ tura1 products or production decisions are left unresolved by co oh a priori observation and economic theory. Read the entire page →
From page 369... ... "Research 1984: The State Agricultural Experiment Stations. n Experiment Station Commit~cee on Organizat' on and Policy, 1984. Read the entire page →
From page 370... ... "multiple Input -Multiple Output Production Choices and Technology in the U.S. Wheat Region," American Journal of Agricul rural Economics, Vol . Read the entire page →
From page 371... ... Secicler. "Mechanical Aged ~uiture and Social Welfare: Me Case of the Tomato Harvester, " American Journal of Agricul rural Economics, Vo! Read the entire page →
From page 372... ... "An Economic Analys is of Expenditures on Agricultural Experiment Station Research, American Journal of AgricoiCural E:conom~cs, Vol. Read the entire page →
From page 373... ... n Paper prepared for the Symposium on Agricultural Research and Ext ens ion Evaluation, Moscow, Idaho, May 21- 23, 1978 . Read the entire page →
From page 374... ... " Social Rates of Return arid Other Aspects of Agricultural Research: One Case of Cotton Research in Sac Paula, Brazil, ~ Amer, can Journal of Agricul rural Economics, Vol. Read the entire page →

From page 351...

... Hi s paper wit ~ describe the characters sties of the aged cultural sector and review briefs the nature of the federal role in Rap. Ha~r'ng Fresco ibed the context, the paper then will develop ~ taxonomy of the ef~ec-s of federal Rid)