Environmental Tobacco Smoke Measuring Exposures and Assessing Health Effects (1986) / Chapter Skim
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2 The Physicochemical Nature of Sidestream Smoke and Environmental Tobacco Smoke
2 The Physicochemical Nature of Sidestream Smoke and Environmental Tobacco Smoke
Pages 25-53
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From page 25... ...
furthermore, the physical characteristics and chemical composition of ETS change as the pollutants "age": nicotine is volatilized; particle sizes decrease; nitrogen oxide gracluaDy oxidizes to nitrogen dioxide; various components of the ambient a* (e.g., radon daughters)
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Such data provide a scientific basis for comparing tobacco products and brands. The standardized machine-smoking conditions were developed 3 decades ago to simulate human smoking behavior (Wartman et al., 1959~.
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Also, smoking behavior appears to depend strongly on the blood concentration of nicotine that the smoker desires to reach (Krasnegor, 1979; Grabowski and Bell, 1983~. The smoker, because of proximity to the source, usually inhales more of the SS and ETS originating from the burning of the tobacco product than a nonsmoker; however, we do not know the exact amount and we do not know the degree to which inhaled SS and ETS aerosols are retained in the smoker's respiratory tract.
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Under conditions prevailing In MS, SS, and ETS, unprotonated nicotine is primarily present in the vapor phase; its absorption through the mucous membranes is faster; thus, its pharmacologic effect is different from that of unprotonated nicotine in the particulate matter (Armit age and Turner, 1970~. About 30~400 of the more than 3,800 compounds identified in tobacco smoke have been measured in MS and SS.
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From page 29... ...
That is not the case, as indicated by the higher SS/MS values in Table 2-2. For instance, in the first part of Table 2-2, which lists volatile compounds, the ratios for carbon monoxide range from 2.5 to 4.7, for carbon dioxide from ~ to 11, for acrolein from ~ to 15, and for benzene about 10.
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From page 30... ...
30 TABLE 2-2 Distribution of Constituents in Fresh, Undiluted Mainstream Smoke and Diluted Sidestream Smoke from Nonfilter Cigarettesa Constituent Amount in MS Range in SS/MS Vapor phaseb Carbon monoxide 10-23 mg 2.S-4.7 Carbon dioxide 20-40 mg 8-11 Carbonyl sulfide 18-42 ,ug 0.03-0.13 BenzeneC 12-48 ~g S-10 Toluene 100-200,ug S.6-8.3 Formaldehyde 70-100 ~g 0.1- - 50 Acrolein 60-100 ~g 8-1S Acetone 100-2SO ~g 2-5 Pyridine 16-40,ug 6.S-20 3-Methylpyridine 12-36 ~g 3-13 3-Vinylpyridine 11-30 ~g 20-40 Hydrogen cyanide 400-SOO ~g 0.1-0.2S Hydrazine ~32 ng 3 Ammonia 50-130 ~g 40-170 Methylamine 11.5-28.7 ~g 4.2-6.4 Dimethylamine 7.8-10 ~g 3.7-5.1 Nitrogen oxides 100-600 ~g 4-10 N-Nitrosodimethylaminee 10-40 ng 20-100 N-Nitrosodiethylaminee ND-25 ng <40 N-Nitrosopyrrolidinee 6-30 ng 6-30 Formic acid 210-490 ~g 1.4-1.6 Acetic acid 330-810 ~g 1.9-3.6 Methyl chloride 150-600 ~g 1.7-3.3 Particulate phaseb Particulate mattef 15-40 mg 1.3-1.9 Nicotine 1-2.5 mg 2.6-3.3 Anatabine 2-20 ~g <0.1-0.5 Phenol 60-140 ~g 1.6-3.0 Catechol 100-360 ~g 0.6-0.9 Hydroquinone 110-300 ,ug 0.7-0.9 Aniline 360 ng 30 2-Toluidine 160 ng 19 2-NaphthylamineC 1.7 ng 30 4-AminobiphenylC 4.6 ng 31 Benzlalanthracene ~20-70 ng 2-4 Benzo[a] pyrene't 20-40 ng 2.5-3.5 Cholesterol 22 ~g 0.9 ~y-Butyrolactonee 10-22 ~g 3.6-S.O Quinoline 0.5-2 ~g 8-11 Harmanf 1.7-3.1 ~g 0.7-1.7 N'-Nitrosonornicotinee 200-3,000 ng 0.5-3 NNKg 100- 1,000 ng 1 -4 N-Nitrosodiethanolaminee 20-70 ng 1.2
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From page 31... ...
bSeparation into vapor and particulate phases reflects conditions prevailing in MS and does not necessarily imply same separation in SS. CHuman carcinogen (U.S.
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Presently we do not know whether the tobaccospecific N-nitrosamines are present in the particulate phase or in the vapor phase of ETS (Hoffmann and Hecht, 1985~. Constituents of the vapor phase would be less likely to settle with the smoke particles, but would remain in the ambient air for longer spans of time.
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To comprehend the data In Table 2-2 fully, some aspects should be emphasized. First, the data are based on analyses of nonfiIter cigarettes that were smoked under standard laboratory conditions.
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34 as ._ ·= o o o o it: .
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35 - - - - Cat' 4=' by' en' Ct' CL, C cL, At,, ~ ~ Ct' by' cat - Ins c's ~ _ ~ ¢t ~ ~ ~_ _ - _ = 0 Can ~ ~ 3 Ct Cat D D ~ ~ ~ C)
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From page 36... ...
In addition, redistributions of other constituents In SS due to air dilution might account for the presence of other semivolatile chemicals in the vapor phase of ETS, but we lack data on such effects. The scientific literature contains an abundance of data on indoor air pollution by ETS (U.S.
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From page 37... ...
Benzene, N-nitrosodimethylarn~ne, N-nitrosodiethyIam~ne, and the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, represented by benzotaipyrene, are of concern, because they are known carcinogens (Vainio et al., 1985~. RADIOACTIVITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE The radioactive isotopes of lead (P~210)
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39 oo ~: c)
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40 oo oo oo oo oo oo r~ cr~ ~ ~ ~ ~_ - - - - - - - - - - .
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42 Cal ._ 3 o Cal o S: ._ U' £ so ._ o Cal :t o ._ Ct o U' a: o ._ Ct C)
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Since radon daughter exposure is a well-known cause of lung cancer in miners, the described attachment of radon daughters to cigarette smoke would contribute to the carcinogenic potential of ETS (I,ittle et al., 1965; Rajewsky and Stah~hofen, 1966; Radford and Martell, 1978~. Given the presence of appreciable amounts of radon in indoor air, irradiation of the bronchial tract from radon daughters attached to smoke aerosol could be more important than the irradiation from the long-lived daughters in the tobacco itself.
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From page 44... ...
Finally, chemical and physicochemical characteristics based on analysis of smoke generated by machine smoking are not fully comparable with those of compounds generated when a smoker inhales cigarette smoke. Especially in the case of low-yield cigarettes, the yields of constituents appear to be different between machine smoking and human smoking (Herring et al., 19813.
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From page 45... ...
that diffuse through cigarette paper into the environment. However, secondary reactions can occur before a nonsmoker inhales ETS, such as aging, volatilization of nicotine, and adsorption of radon daughters on particles.
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46 o o ._ in C
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5. Radioactive decay products ~ tobacco itself, for instance, Pb-210 and Po-210, and short-lived radon daughters adsorbed on smoke particles in indoor air can contribute to the carcinogenic potential of ETS.
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7. We should analyze toxic and carcinogenic agents in smokepolluted environments, especially enclosed natural environments.
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Hasegawa. Fixation of tobacco smoke aerosols for size distribution studies.
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III. Uber den Einduss des Rauchens auf die CO-Konzentration im Kraftfahrzeug bei Fahrten im Stadigebiet.
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Kuhn. Distribution of various tobacco smoke constituents in main and sidestream smoke.
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Eindluss des Feuchtigkeits gehaltes van Cigaretten auf die Zusammnensetsung des Ranches and die Glutzonentemperaturen. Beitr.
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Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke: Studies in Experimental Carcinogenesis. New York: Academic Press, 1967.
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