Industrial Environmental Performance Metrics Challenges and Opportunities (1999) / Chapter Skim
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7 The Pulp and Paper Industry
7 The Pulp and Paper Industry
Pages 129-146
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paper, and the industry has set a 50 percent paper recovery goal by the year 2000 (American Forest and Paper Association, 1998b)
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is used for pulp and paper, 31 percent for fuelwood, and the rest for solid wood. Data for 1993 indicate that about 650 million cubic meters of wood entered the U.S.
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The category "Residential and Commerical" includes electric utilities. While natural forests are the primary source of pulp wood and solid wood, the global trend is toward acquiring wood grown on plantations or intensively managed natural regeneration forests that resemble plantations.
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In the mechanical process, wood fiber is physically separated from the wood by forcing debarked logs and hot water between enormous rotating steel discs with teeth that tear the wood apart or by pressing the logs against grindstones. The mechanical pulping process uses considerable amounts of electricity (2,000 kWh/ton of pulp)
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In the 1980s and l990s, however, the industry came under additional pressures to improve its environmental performance as concerns related to unsustainable natural resource use, industrial pollu
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mills. SOURCE: American Forest and Paper Association (1998b)
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CURRENT USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL METRICS Sustainable Forestry Practices Environmental concerns related to acquiring wood from forests center around the method of harvesting, road placement, and local water quality. The industry uses a variety of metrics to track these concerns (Figure 7-5~.
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(1997) , managed regeneration forests and tree plantations affect soils and forest productivity, from harvesting or site preparation methods that can deplete nutrient levels over the long term; forest streams when activities such as harvesting, fertilizer and pesticide use, and road construction are performed without safeguards, such as adequate buffer strips along streams; and plant and animal habitat and species diversity for example, resulting from the alteration of species composition and the physical structure of vegetation that, at a landscape scale, can reduce the available range of forest habitats.
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Most BMP relate to protecting water quality; some cover soil quality during forestry operations. BMP in the Pacific Northwest also address protection of wildlife habitat, natural communities, longterm soil productivity, and other forest values.
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The American Forest and Paper Association (1998c) , an industry trade association, has adopted "Sustainability Forestry Principles and Implementation Guidelines." These guidelines designate broad objectives for member companies, leaving each company to design its own implementation to meet the goal.
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and nonintegrated mills (American Forest and Paper Association, 1994~. Other steps that lead to energy conservation include reducing water usage, recovering and reclaiming high-level heat from digesters, improving insulation, and integrating systems that reclaim low-level heat.
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Reuse, Recycling, and Disposal Most wood waste is burned as a fuel in boilers. However, bark, wood ash, sludge, and grit remain the chief solid wastes generated at paper mills.
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understanding of ecosystems and the creation of suitable operational principles and practices. The Minimal Impact Pulp Mill In an effort to provide a minimal impact vision for the industry, the American Forest and Paper Association (1994)
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It is estimated that water usage in the bleach plant can be reduced to less than 4,000 gallons per ton of pulp (Hissed et al., 1996~. Effluent from the mill of the future will be significantly reduced with the level of chlorinated organics in bleach plant effluent declining accordingly.
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U.S. Paper Industry's 50 Percent Paper Recovery Goal Progress Report.
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1998. Tracking BMP Compliance as a Metric of Forestry Practices.
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