(NAS Colloquium) Geology, Mineralogy, and Human Welfare (1999) / Chapter Skim
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Nuclear Waste Forms for Actinides
Nuclear Waste Forms for Actinides
Pages 3432-3439
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From page 3432... ...
Under the first and second Strategic Arms Reduction treaties, as well as unilateral pledges made by both the United States and Russia, several thousand nuclear weapons will be dismantled. Initially, this will result in an estimated 100 metric tons of weapons plutonium that will require long-term disposition.
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From page 3433... ...
at the end of 1996 (8) In spent fuel USA Japan France Germany 650 90 70 50 860 80 150 Total In operating reactors Separated by civilian reprocessing Military inventories Former USSR USA France China Israel, India, Pakistan Total Estimated world inventory, +70 metric tons/year production 1,350 140 100 6 252 23sU7 another fissile radionuclide with a half-life of 700 million years (the bare critical mass of weapons grade uranium is ~50 kg)
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From page 3434... ...
Present research on waste forms for Pu-immobilization includes a relatively short list of phases (Table 2~. In the U.S., most of the effort within the Materials Disposition program of the Department of Energy focuses on immobilization in a ceramic (24)
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From page 3435... ...
The minor alteration of zircon over long periods of time and under rather extreme conditions stands in contrast to the observations of other potential ceramic nuclear waste forms such as pyrochlore (68) for which the data of the type summarized above are simply not presently available.
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From page 3436... ...
and the experimental results for ion beam irradiation experiments of <1-hour duration have a range of dose rates > 108. In situ ion beam irradiation combined with high resolution transmission electron microscopy have demonstrated that the damage microstructures and the ingrowth of damage with increasing dose can be simulated by ~n24 >~ 1 o20 ct c' ~ 1019 1 _ a' 1 ol8 o a)
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From page 3437... ...
Metamictization is accompanied by major atomic reorganization: loss of well defined medium range order, disruption of the immediate environment of Zr, a decrease of the average Zr-coordination number, and tilting and distortion of SiO4 polyhedral. A two-stage thermal annealing process was observed that, at lower temperatures (400-500°C)
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From page 3438... ...
1. Linking Legacies Connecting the Cold War Nuclear Weapons Production Processes to Their Environmental Consequences (1997)
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From page 3439... ...
(1997) Fissile Material Disposition Program Final Immobilization Form Assessment and Recommendation (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA)
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