Predicting Feed Intake of Food-Producing Animals (1987) / Chapter Skim
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3. Swine
3. Swine
Pages 25-41
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From page 25... ...
because this is the energy introduced into the biological system and because this minimizes the effects of energy density on feed intake. As a unit expressing feed intake, metabolizable energy (ME)
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Because the data were collected only until day 35, the use of the prediction equation should be restricted to a 5-week lactation period. FIGURE 3-1 Digestible energy intake of creep feed.
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 BODY WEIGHT (kg) FIGURE 3-2 Digestible energy intake of pigs between 5 and 20 kg body weight.
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Maximum energy intake was defined as a quadratic function of body weight for weights from 10 to 45 kg and as a hyperbolic (arc sinh) function of weight in the range of 45 to 110 kg BW.
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The body weight of the gilts increased from 125 to 180 kg during the 22week period. VOLUNTARY FEED INTAKE DURING GESTATION Studies of energy requirements during gestation have indicated that restriction of energy intake results in better reproductive performance than when ad libitum consumption of energy is allowed (National Research Council [NRC]
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From page 30... ...
of Pigs Weaned 30 Predicting Feed Intake TABLE 3-3 Lactation Digestible Energy Intake Length of Lactation (days) Daily intake kg kcal of DE 224 132 71 161 23 133 6.16 8.20 6.97 8.20 7.10 7.14 21 56 56 28 28 28 4.03 5.61 3.69 4.26 4.80 3.76 12,890 20,859 11,797 13,640 15,360 12,035 Total744 Average 7.30 36.2 4.36 14,430 Maximum 8.20 56 5.61 20,859 Minimum 6.16 21 3.69 11,797 Standard deviation 0.79 15.6 0.73 3,402 Sows Jensen, 196417 8.33 28 4.30 13,771 Frobish et al., 1966141a 8.23 14 3.85 12,328 Holden et al., 1968235e 7.48 14 5.48 18,068 Elsley et al., 1969220 8.80 56 5.83 21,689 Libal and Wahlstrom, 197562 8.20 21 6.46 19,759 Stably et al., 1976468 7.60 21 5.61 17,456 Haught et al., 1977154a 8.10 35 5.79 18,536 Boyd et al., 197874a 6.60 14 4.63 16,434 O'Grady and Lynch, 1978320 8.80 28 5.00 15,767 Michel et al., 198093 8.90 28 5.12 16,378 Pollmann et al., 1981230 8.47 21 5.05 17,135 Pond et al., 198188 7.30 28 3.58 11,452 Seerleyetal., 198196a 8.93 21 5.12 16,857 Stably et al., 1981b204 8.75 21 5.51 18,750 Boyd et al., 1982188a 8.50 21 5.46 19,492 Mahan and Fetter, 198248 8.50 28 6.60 21,120 Yoo and Hann, 1982d50 8.95 28 5.22 17,783 Corley et al., 198379 7.58 28 4.48 13,773 Total2,767 Average 8.22 25.2 5.17 17,030 Maximum 8.95 56 6.60 21,689 Minimum 6.60 14 3.58 11,452 Standard deviation 0.66 9.6 0.80 2,827 aThese studies include data from gilts but do not report results for gilts and sows separately.
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Upper and lower critical temperatures are defined as the upper and lower environmental temperatures where energy must be expended to heat or cool the body. The implication is that between the upper and lower critical temperatures, energy is not required to maintain body temperature TABLE 3-4 Effect of Breed on Daily Digestible Energy Intake Mean DE Intake Study Reference (kcal/day)
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(1980) suggest that extreme cold stress drastically increases voluntary feed intake.
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24 30 36 FIGURE 3-5 Effect of temperature on digestible energy intake. With weanling pigs, Lindvall (1981)
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Therefore, the weight of feed that is consumed is determined by the energy density of the diet fed. As the energy density of the diet increases, the amount of feed consumed decreases to maintain constant energy intake.
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With diet energy densities of less than 3.3 kcal/g, the young pig is unable to maintain daily DE intake, and daily DE intake decreases 1,388 kcal/day as energy density decreases 1 kcal/g. With diets containing more than 3.6 kcal/g, the young pig overconsumes energy, and DE intake increases at a rate of 183 kcal/day for an increase in energy density of 1 kcal/g.
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Adjustment for pelleting would be -9 percent from weaning to 20 kg and -3.1 percent from 20 kg to market. Adjustments for energy density for pigs from weaning to 30 kg are to decrease energy intake by 1,388 kcal/day for each kcal decrease below 3.3 kcal/g, no adjustment between 3.3 and 3.6 kcal/g, and for each kcal above 3.6 kcal/g an increase of 183 kcal/day.
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Data reported by Nienaber (1981) were available and involved variables of energy density and temperature for pigs weighing from 5 to 30 kg.
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Hays.1966. Effect of protein and energy intake on reproductive performance in swine.
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1977. Effect of protein level, protein restriction and cottonseed meal in sorghum-based diets on swine reproductive performance and progeny development.
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1978. Voluntary feed intake by lactating sows: Influence of system of feeding and nutrient density of the diet.
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1980. Growth and body composition of young entire male pigs fed diets of differing ingredient composition and nutrient quality.
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