The Life Sciences Recent Progress and Application to Human Affairs The World of Biological Research Requirements for the Future (1970) / Chapter Skim
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Industrial Technology
Industrial Technology
Pages 210-219
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From page 210... ...
Chemists then either purify some TABLE 5 1967 U.S. Drug Shipments in Major Categories (In $ Millions TOTAL HUMAN AND VETERINARY DRUGS Drugs for treatment of cancer, endocrine and metabolic diseases Hormones Corticoids Oral Contraceptives Other Other 4,143.0 439.6 413.5 141.7 103.5 168.3 26.1
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From page 211... ...
BIOLOGY IN THE SERVICE OF MAN 211 TABLE 5 continued Drugs acting on the central nervous system and sense organs Internal Non-Narcotic Analgesics Internal Narcotic Analgesics Tranquilizers Antidepressants Central Nervous System Stimulants Barbiturate Hypnotics Nonbarbiturate Hypnotics General and Local Anesthetics Other Drugs acting on the cardiovascular system Drugs acting on the respiratory system Drugs acting on digestive or genito-urinary system Antacids Antidiarrheal Drugs Laxatives Antiulcer Drugs Motion-Sickness Remedies Urinary Antibacterials and Antiseptics Diuretics Other Dermatological preparations Hemorrhoidal Drugs Other Dermatological Drugs Nutrients Vitamins Hematinics Other Drugs affecting parasitic and infective disease Antibiotics Sulfonamides Antifungal agents Antibacterials and antiseptics Other Pharmaceutical preparations for veterinary use Pharmaceutical preparations not specified by kind 1,130.1 448.4 40.3 321.4 45.0 80.5 25.4 35.4 47.4 86.3 204.0 366.6 552.4 137.3 41.4 79.0 73.5 24.6 28.7 94.8 73.1 236.9 27.6 209.3 168.5 204.1 58.5 145.6 698.8 468.3 32.5 28.7 133.1 36.2 140.4 1.6 t' Data from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Industrial Reports, "Pharmaceutical Preparations, Except Biologicals-1967," December 4, 1968.
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From page 212... ...
If the benefits warrant and the hazards are tolerable- particularly if the drug offers decided advantages over existing drugs or is truly lifesaving the Food and Drug Administration will issue the desired license, about 5 to 10 years and $5 million to $10 million after the start of the project. The overall results are evident in the facts that no more than 10 percent of drug sales represent entities available before 1940, that mortality from all infectious diseases fell from 88,000 deaths in 1941 to 17,000 in 1961, that tuberculosis sanitariums are closed, tranquilizers have emptied thousands of sanitarium beds, and few of us any longer are asked to bear extreme pain, thanks to nonaddicting, powerful analgesics.
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From page 213... ...
The rapid increase in use occurred because new pesticides have been developed that control hitherto uncontrolled pests, and broader use of pesticides in large-scale agriculture has increased crop yields significantly. Current trends in crop production involving large acreages, greater use of fertilizers, and intensive mechanized cultivation and harvesting offer particularly favorable opportunities for insect pests and would result in large crop losses to these pests unless control measures were applied.
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From page 214... ...
The development of pest resistance does not necessarily entail the development of more dangerous pesticides; the new agent need only be chemically different to overcome resistance. The continuing search for new, more nearly ideal pesticides requires the joint effort of research teams composed of organic chemists, biochemists, pharmacologists, physiologists, entomologists, and botanists.
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From page 215... ...
concluded: The testimony balanced the great benefits of disease control and food production against the risks of acute poisoning to applicators, occasional accidental food contamination, and disruption of fish and wildlife.... The fact that no significant hazard has bee'' detected to date does not constitute adequate proof that hazards will not be encountered in tile future.
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From page 216... ...
Because of the large economic benefit to the farmer, it is pointless to adjure him to be sparing; unless restrained by law, he will make his judgment in purely personal economic terms. But mankind badly needs the incremental food made possible by use of effective pesticides, and the enormous benefit to public health of greatly reducing the population of insects that are disease vectors is a self-evident boon to humanity.
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From page 217... ...
Alcohol fermentation amounting to 685 million gallons in 1945 has largely been replaced by a process starting with petroleumcracking fractions, as has the fermentative production of acetone and butanol. But 5 billion pounds of raw grains were used to produce 110 million barrels of beer and ale, while 235 million gallons of wine and 185 million gallons of distilled spirits were also produced by fermentation.
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From page 218... ...
No estimate of the magnitude of these diverse biological industries is available, but clearly in sum they represent several billion dollars of the gross national product. In every instance, biological understanding underlay the original industrial concept, guided the necessary research and development, gave direction to the industrial installation, and is required for continuing monitoring of the process.
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From page 219... ...
From this brief summary it will be evident that the skills and understanding of the modern biologist find their way into a remarkable variety of human endeavors, rendering life more secure, healthier, longer, more comfortable, and more pleasant, while giving employment to millions.
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