Children of Immigrants Health, Adjustment, and Public Assistance (1999) / Chapter Skim
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2 Socioeconomic and Demographic Risk Factors and Resources Among Children in Immigrant and Native-Born Families: 1910, 1960, and 1990
2 Socioeconomic and Demographic Risk Factors and Resources Among Children in Immigrant and Native-Born Families: 1910, 1960, and 1990
Pages 19-125
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From page 19... ...
They also share a dependence on adults family members, communities, government to assure their healthy development. Despite the similar needs of children in immigrant families, many have recently been denied equal access to publicly funded health and social benefits, or decisions regarding eligibility for such benefits have been devolved from the federal to state governments.
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From page 20... ...
Historical changes are assessed in this study using the 1910, 1960, and 1990 decennial censuses to allow an examination of risk factors following the decade of peak immigration to the United States (1901 to 1910) , the subsequent era of very low immigration (1931 to 1960)
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From page 21... ...
Immigrants speaking Yiddish or Jewish have been a focus of recent research on ethnicity and country of origin using the 1910 census (Watkins, 1994~. Adopting the same approach here, children identified as Jewish, based on their own or their parents' mother tongue, accounted for 7 percent of children in immigrant families in 1910, most in families emigrating from Russia.
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From page 22... ...
. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, then, the countries of origin of children in immigrant families have become increasingly diverse, as reflected in the shrinking number of countries that individually account for substantial proportions of children and in the broadening global distribution of these countries, with increasing numbers from Latin America and Asia.
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From page 23... ...
RISK FACTORS AMONG CHILDREN GENERALLY The extent to which the risks and needs of children in immigrant and native-born families differ depends, at least in part, on the extent to which they are similar or different in certain family circumstances. These circumstances include poverty, parental educational attainments, paid work by various family members, living in a one- or a two-parent family, living with a small or a large number of siblings, and exposure to overcrowded housing conditions.
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From page 24... ...
Children who live with only one parent are at risk for a variety of current and long-term negative life outcomes because children with two parents in the home have greater access, potentially, to parents as personal caregivers and as economic providers than do children living with one parent and because children in one-parent families often experience greater personal or parental stress (Featherman and Hauser, 1978; Kominski, 1987; Sewell and Hauser, 1975; Kohn, 1969; Kohn and Schooler, 1983; Blau and Duncan, 1967; Hetherington et al., 1978; Sewell et al., 1980; Alwin, 1984; Hernandez, 1997; Wallerstein et al., 1988; Wallerstein and Kelly, 1989; Cherlin et al., 1991; McLanahan and Sandefur, 1994~. Many children in one-parent families live in poverty partly because their fathers' incomes may not be available in the home and partly because low socioeconomic status strongly influences both family disruption and out-of-wedlock childbearing.
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From page 25... ...
For example, in the 1990 census the poverty rate for non-Hispanic white children in native-born families was only 11 percent but was three to four times greater for black, Hispanic, and American Indian children in native-born families, at 40, 31, and 38 percent, respectively (Figure 2-1, Table 2A-la)
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From page 26... ...
Brazil Panama Costa Rica Pakistan Nigeria Guyana Jamaica Lebanon Spain 26 25 23 22 21 20 20 9 18 16 16 16 16 15 15 15 15 15 30 29 35 33 42 46
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From page 27... ...
Asian, Non-Hispanic* Australia Chile Hong Kong Yugoslavia Egypt Hungary France Austria Barbados Japan Greece Germany Turkey Poland South Africa Canada United Kingdom Portugal Italy Philippines India Netherlands I relend 10 10 15 14 14 14 14 20 Percent 27 40 60 FIGURE 2-1 Percentage of children ages O to 17 in immigrant and nativeborn families in official poverty, 1990.
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From page 28... ...
; and three are small and impoverished Central American or Caribbean countries (Honduras, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic) that are sources of unskilled labor migrants.
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From page 29... ...
, the decline in poverty from the second to later generations is somewhat larger than for Mexican children, and the levels for the poverty rates for the later generations is 14 to 17 percent, only somewhat greater than for non-Hispanic white children in native-born families (11 percent)
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From page 30... ...
Although official poverty rates declined by approximately two-fifths between the 1960 and 1990 censuses for children in native-born families belonging to each of these racial and ethnic groups, Mexican-origin, black, and American Indian children all have continued to experience highly elevated risks of poverty, compared to non-Hispanic white children. This continuity of economic deprivation among children belonging to these racial and ethnic minorities raises the following question for the new Central American immigrant populations of Hispanic origin: Will they tend to assimilate socioeconomically to the level of non-Hispanic whites or to the level of Mexican-origin Hispanics?
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From page 31... ...
Additional research is required to assess the possible effect of outmarriage by Mexican-origin grandparents or great-grandparents on the identification of children as Mexican origin and on poverty. Available evidence suggests, however, that the lack of change in the pattern of very high poverty rates across generations for Mexican-origin children, compared to non-Hispanic whites, between 1960 and 1990 may reflect the continuing power of racial and ethnic stratification in determining the life chances of children of Mexican origin, as has been the case historically for minority black and American Indian children.
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From page 32... ...
. Hence, the official poverty rates ranged from 26 to 51 percent for these countries, compared to 39 to 65 percent using the relative poverty measure.
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From page 33... ...
Children in immigrant families from about a dozen countries experience levels of economic deprivation similar to those of black, Hispanic, and American Indian children in native-born families, and most of the children from these countries are Hispanic, black, or Asian. At the opposite extreme, children in immigrant families from more than two dozen countries experience economic resources similar to or greater than those of non-Hispanic white children in native-born families; these countries are in all regions of the world except Central America and, with one exception, the Caribbean.
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From page 34... ...
, both historically and today. In 1990 children in immigrant families from the 12 countries with the highest poverty rates were also, with the exception of the former Soviet Union, somewhat to enormously more likely than non-Hispanic whites in native-born families to have parents in the home who had not graduated from high school or elementary school.
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From page 35... ...
. The disadvantage in parental educational attainments for Mexican-origin children, compared to non-Hispanic whites, has remained large throughout the twentieth century, at a level similar to that for black and American Indian children.
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From page 36... ...
Even among children in immigrant families from the 12 countries of origin with very high poverty rates, the proportions with fathers in the home who were not in the labor force exceeded 11 percentage points for only five countries (Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, and the former Soviet Union) (Table 2A-lc)
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From page 37... ...
Thus, very high poverty rates for children in immigrant families tended to occur among children from countries with very low parental educational attainments (eight years of schooling or less) , fathers who could find full-time year-round work, and parents who did not speak English exclusively or very well.
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From page 38... ...
. Focusing on children in immigrant families from the 12 countries of origin with very high poverty rates in the 1990 census, those from Cambodia and the six Central American and Caribbean countries (Dominican Republic, E!
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From page 39... ...
. Thus, children in immigrant families from the 12 countries of origin with very high poverty rates in the 1990 census tended to live in families with a large number of siblings and comparatively few working mothers or they tended to live in one-parent families but not both.
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From page 40... ...
. Overcrowded Housing In 1990 only 12 percent of third-generation children lived in overcrowded housing with more than one person per room compared to elevated risks of 38 percent for the second generation and 62 percent for the first generation (Tables 2A-lb and 2A-2b)
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From page 41... ...
However, 75 percent of first- and second-generation Mexican-origin children and 69 to 70 percent of black children and third- and later-generation children of Mexican origin lived in overcrowded conditions in 1960. POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS SPECIFIC TO CHILDREN IN IMMIGRANT FAMILIES Children in immigrant families from countries where English is not the native language or is not widely taught may be at special risk, compared to children in native-born families, because they may not themselves speak English well or they may live with parents who do not speak English well.
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From page 42... ...
Generational differences are large, however, as the proportion who speak English exclusively or very well rises from only 55 percent for the first generation to 81 percent for the second (Tables 2A-2e and 2A-31~. For children in immigrant families from the 12 countries with very high poverty rates, the range is 35 to 53 percent for the first generation but rises to 65 to 91 percent for the second generation for 10 of 12 countries (excluding Cambodia and Laos)
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From page 43... ...
Among children in immigrant families in 1990, 26 percent lived in linguistically isolated households. But for children from each of the 12 countries of origin with children at high levels of socioeconomic risk, the proportions in linguistically isolated households were 34 to 38 percent for three countries, 41 to 46 percent for seven countries, and 60 percent for two (Laos and Cambodia)
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From page 44... ...
Welfare eligibility exclusions are most important for children with family incomes below or near the official poverty level. In the 1990 census the official poverty rate for noncitizen children was 34 percent, and the rate for children who were not citizens or had at least one noncitizen parent was 28 percent.
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From page 45... ...
These 15 states accounted for 84 percent of all children in immigrant families. SUMMARY Children generally have been found to be at risk of negative health or educational outcomes if they have family incomes below the poverty threshold, parents with low educational attainments, only one parent in the home, five or more siblings in the home, or overcrowded housing conditions.
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From page 46... ...
Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua) ; three are small impoverished Central American or Caribbean countries that are strong sources of unskilled labor migrants (Honduras, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic)
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From page 47... ...
It should be remembered, however, that children in immigrant families from about two dozen other countries spread across Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and Africa have poverty rates about equal to or substantially less than the rate of 11 percent for non-Hispanic white children in native-born families, and many experience levels of risk along other dimensions that are less than those for children in native-born families, including non-Hispanic white children. Children in immigrant families may experience additional risk factors growing out of their immigrant circumstances.
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From page 48... ...
Not only are children in immigrant families from the 12 countries with the highest poverty rates especially likely to experience the socioeconomic risk factors of low parental education, living with one parent or many siblings, and overcrowding, they also often have the highest risk of not speaking English exclusively or very well, of living in a linguistically isolated household, and of not being U.S. citizens or having a parent in the home who is not a U.S.
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From page 49... ...
Children in immigrant families from about two dozen countries have moderate to low levels of risk that are often no greater or even smaller than levels experienced by non-Hispanic white children in native-born families. In striking contrast, children in immigrant families fleeing the former Soviet Union, the war-torn countries of Southeast Asia and Central America, or impoverished countries in Central America and the Caribbean, and Mexico experience highly elevated risks along virtually all of the dimensions reviewed here: poverty, low parental education, families with only one parent or many siblings in the home, lack of English fluency, and not being a U.S.
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From page 50... ...
Expert Committee on Family Budget Revisions 1980 New American Family Budget Standards. Madison, Wisc.: Institute for Poverty Research.
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From page 51... ...
Hill, M.S., and G.J. Duncan 1987 Parental family income and the socioeconomic attainment of children.
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From page 52... ...
1997b In search of the new second generation: Alternative strategies for identifying second generation children and understanding their acquisition of English. Sociological Perspectives 49~3~:429-455.
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From page 53... ...
1982 Family income, ill health, and medical care of U.S. children.
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From page 54... ...
Other than country of birth in 1910 and 1960, parental characteristics (e.g., labor force participation, educational attainments) were available only if the parent was present in the household.
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From page 55... ...
If parental educational attainments of Guatemalan immigrants had been constant for 30 years, this decline could be attributed to intergenerational increases in parental educational attainments. But parental educational attainments for first- and second-generation Guatemalan-origin children were much higher in 1960 than in 1990, suggesting that the decline in parental educational attainments between 1960 and 1990 may account for poverty differences between the second and later generations.
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From page 56... ...
(percent) (percent: All First and Second Generations8,373 22 33 31 19 All Third and Later Generations52,685 17 24 39 22 Third and Later Generations by Race and Ethnicity: White, Non-Hispanic40,201 11 17 42 26 Black, Non-Hispanic8,031 40 51 25 9 Asian, Non-Hispanic329 10 14 38 37 American Indian562 38 51 24 7 Hispanic3,489 31 42 31 11 First and Second Generations by Country of Origin: Laos113 51 65 16 2 Cambodia64 46 62 19 4 Dominican Republic179 42 55 24 5 USSR62 36 42 23 26 Mexico2,618 35 52 22 4 Thailand69 33 42 29 16 Vietnam226 31 42 29 13 Guatemala101 30 46 24 7 Honduras52 29 46 26 8 El Salvador203 27 44 26 5 Nicaragua74 27 43 28 8 Haiti105 26 39 30 10 Jordan19 25 35 31 14 Belize16 23 31 35 12 1 ran20 21 30 39 17 Ecuador64 20 31 36 14
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From page 57... ...
DONALD I HERNANDEZ AND KATHERINE DARKE d by 57 Children Children whose whose fathers mothers Children Children have less have less Children who live in en in very Children in than a than a with 5 linguistically e-class well-off one-parent high school high school or more isolated art financially families education education siblings households Into (percent)
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From page 58... ...
(percent: Venezuela 22 20 25 37 25 Israel 60 19 25 31 32 Trinidad and Tobago 52 18 28 37 20 Colombia 117 17 27 37 16 Pakistan 39 16 23 36 27 Costa Rica 23 16 26 38 17 Panama 40 16 25 37 23 Brazil 31 16 24 39 25 Romania 26 15 22 32 30 Spain 27 15 21 39 27 Lebanon 36 15 23 34 24 Jamaica 132 15 25 37 21 Guyana 46 15 22 41 18 Nigeria 34 15 27 35 15 China 131 14 24 30 30 1 Indonesia 17 14 19 37 31 1 ran 76 14 19 32 37 Cuba 211 14 22 38 27 Peru 61 13 25 37 19 Korea 231 12 19 38 26 Syria 15 12 21 33 29 Taiwan 97 11 15 33 42 Argentina 35 11 19 38 29 Yugoslavia 44 10 16 42 27 Hong Kong 56 10 16 33 37 Chile 21 10 18 37 28 Australia 18 10 16 32 44 Austria 21 9 14 41 38 France 41 9 13 34 41 Hungary 25 9 14 35 39 Egypt 29 9 15 36 39 Germany 258 8 14 40 32
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From page 59... ...
DONALD I HERNANDEZ AND KATHERINE DARKE 59 Children Children whose whose fathers mothers Children Children have less have less Children who live in en in very Children in than a than a with 5 linguistical e-class well-off one-parent high school high school or more isolated art financially families education education siblings household Into (percent)
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From page 60... ...
(percent) Greece 68 8 16 42 25 Japan 100 8 12 37 41 Barbados 15 8 16 47 21 Poland 80 7 12 45 32 Turkey 15 7 13 32 38 Italy 179 6 11 45 30 Portugal 77 6 11 51 22 United Kingdom 209 6 10 38 41 Canada 263 6 11 39 39 South Africa 15 6 10 25 57 Netherlands 38 5 11 39 38 1 ndia 175 5 9 35 47 Philippines 399 5 10 45 32 1 relend 44 4 7 41 39 NOTE: Countries are listed from highest to lowest official poverty rate for first and second generations combined.
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From page 61... ...
DONALD I HERNANDEZ AND KATHERINE DARKE 61 Children Children whose whose fathers mothers Children Children have less have less Children who live in en in very Children in than a than a with 5 linguistically e-class well-off one-parent high school high school or more isolated art financially families education education siblings households Into (percent)
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From page 62... ...
Children telephon (percent: All First and Second Generations 8,373 11 7 All Third and Later Generations 52,685 8 8 Third and Later Generations by Race and Ethnicity: White, Non-Hispanic40,201 3 5 Black, Non-Hispanic8,031 30 18 Asian, Non-Hispanic329 4 3 American Indian562 14 32 Hispanic3,489 17 15 First and Second Generations by Country of Origin: Laos113 17 4 Cambodia64 29 4 Dominican Republic179 54 19 USSR62 23 2 Mexico2,618 10 15 Thailand69 15 3 Vietnam226 13 1 Guatemala101 18 9 Honduras52 22 9 El Salvador203 15 8 Nicaragua74 13 10 Haiti105 24 10 Jordan19 8 2 Belize16 19 7 1 ran20 4 1 Ecuador64 24 8 Venezuela22 6 4 Israel60 13 1 Trinidadand Tobago52 29 7 Colombia117 13 6 Pakistan39 7 2 Costa Rica23 14 4
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From page 63... ...
DONALD I HERNANDEZ AND KATHERINE DARKE econd~tions 63 Beholds Children with no Childrenlivingin Children in truck telephone in their homes houses built before 1950 crowded homes (percent)
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From page 64... ...
(percent) (percent: Panama 40 16 6 Brazil 31 7 2 Romania 26 8 2 Spain 27 8 3 Lebanon 36 4 2 Jamaica 132 22 5 Guyana 46 30 4 Nigeria 34 10 3 China 131 18 1 I Indonesia 17 4 1 1 ran 76 4 1 Cuba 211 6 3 Peru 61 11 4 Korea 231 3 1 Syria 15 2 0 Taiwan 97 3 0 Argentina 35 6 2 Yugoslavia 44 6 1 Hong Kong 56 9 1 Chile 21 6 2 Australia 18 5 0 Austria 21 5 0 France 41 5 1 Hungary 25 8 2 Egypt 29 4 1 Germany 258 3 3 Greece 68 4 1 Japan 100 3 1 Barbados 15 29 4 Poland 80 5 1 Turkey 15 4 1 Italy 179 4 1 Portugal 77 4 2 United Kingdom 209 3 2 Canada 263 2 2
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From page 65... ...
DONALD I HERNANDEZ AND KATHERINE DARKE 65 Beholds Children with no Childrenlivingin Children in truck telephone in their homes houses built before 1950 crowded homes (percent)
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From page 66... ...
(percent) (percent: South Africa 15 4 1 Netherlands 38 2 1 1 ndia 175 5 1 Philippines 399 3 1 I relend 44 4 1 NOTE: Countries are listed from highest to lowest official poverty rate for first and second generations combined.
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From page 67... ...
DONALD I HERNANDEZ AND KATHERINE DARKE 67 Beholds Children with no Childrenlivingin Children in truck telephone in their homes houses built before 1950 crowded homes (percent)
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From page 68... ...
All First and Second Generations 8,373 7 31 42 All Third and Later Generations 52,685 5 21 34 Third and Later Generations by Race and Ethnicity: White, Non-Hispanic40,201 4 19 34 Black, Non-Hispanic8,031 11 34 33 Asian, Non-Hispanic329 4 18 29 American Indian562 14 46 40 Hispanic3,489 8 30 43 First and Second Generations by Country of Orig Laos113 48 68 66 Cambodia64 41 60 65 Dominican Republic179 11 38 52 USSR62 21 54 46 Mexico2,618 7 38 50 Thailand69 30 46 53 Vietnam226 19 42 46 Guatemala101 5 31 41 Honduras52 8 37 41 El Salvador203 5 32 34 Nicaragua74 5 32 31 Haiti105 8 36 22 Jordan19 11 30 68 Belize16 9 33 31 1 ran20 10 30 61 Ecuador64 4 30 39 Venezuela22 8 28 47 Israel60 7 26 54 Trinidad and Tobago52 8 34 25
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From page 69... ...
69 Number of children (thousands) Children with fathers not in the labor force (percent)
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From page 70... ...
Children with mothers not in the labor force (percent) Italy 179 5 21 47 Portugal 77 5 27 29 United Kingdom 209 3 17 38 Canada 263 3 18 38 South Africa 15 4 17 48 Netherlands 38 2 14 39 1 ndia 175 2 19 35 Philippines 399 5 22 18 1 relend 44 4 18 42 NOTE: Countries are listed from highest to lowest official poverty rate for first and second generations combined.
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From page 71... ...
All First and Second Generations 8,373 25 26 24 16 All Third and Later Generations 52,685 3 3 26 18 Third and Later Generations by Race and Ethnicity: White, Non-Hispanic40,201 3 2 28 20 Black, Non-Hispanic8,031 6 4 12 9 Asian, Non-Hispanic329 1 1 40 31 American Indian562 8 6 9 7 Hispanic3,489 9 10 12 7 First and Second Generations by Country of Origin: Laos113 41 60 7 3 Cambodia64 42 60 6 2 Dominican Republic179 27 30 9 5 USSR62 8 6 41 36 Mexico2,618 55 52 4 2 Thailand69 25 45 24 13 Vietnam226 21 32 18 8 Guatemala101 35 38 9 5 Honduras52 23 24 13 7 El Salvador203 37 40 6 4 Nicaragua74 17 17 21 11 Haiti105 14 17 14 10 Jordan19 11 12 29 11 Belize16 10 7 14 7 1 ran20 13 21 25 16 continued on next page
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From page 72... ...
Ecuador 64 14 13 18 9 Venezuela 22 6 5 45 28 Israel 60 5 6 41 32 Trinidad and Tobago 52 7 5 18 12 Colombia 117 11 12 22 13 Pakistan 39 3 8 65 41 Costa Rica 23 11 12 20 13 Panama 40 2 3 26 17 Brazil 31 9 10 40 29 Romania 26 9 10 38 31 Spain 27 12 12 29 19 Lebanon 36 14 12 35 21 Jamaica 132 8 5 19 15 Guyana 46 6 8 23 12 Nigeria 34 0 2 80 45 China 131 18 20 39 28 1 Indonesia 17 2 4 54 34 1 ran 76 2 3 68 39 Cuba 211 12 9 25 16 Peru 61 5 6 29 17 Korea 231 2 7 43 28 Syria 15 10 11 41 19 Taiwan 97 3 4 73 52 Argentina 35 9 7 34 25 Yugoslavia 44 18 19 18 14 Hong Kong 56 13 14 43 30 Chile 21 5 5 33 22 Australia 18 3 1 50 33 Austria 21 2 1 45 37 France 41 4 2 49 36 Hungary 25 6 3 39 29 Egypt 29 1 2 67 44 Germany 258 2 2 35 22
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From page 73... ...
(percent) Greece 68 23 19 21 17 Japan 100 2 2 55 32 Barbados 15 8 4 18 14 Poland 80 7 5 30 23 Turkey 15 10 9 41 32 Italy 179 19 16 19 14 Portugal 77 43 39 7 5 United Kingdom 209 1 1 43 26 Canada 263 3 2 40 26 South Africa 15 0 1 68 40 Netherlands 38 2 1 41 26 1 ndia 175 2 4 76 59 Philippines 399 3 6 39 46 1 relend 44 5 3 31 19 NOTE: Countries are listed from highest to lowest official poverty rate for first and second generations combined.
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From page 74... ...
(percent: All First and Second Generations8,373 67 27 All Third and Later Generations52,685 6 2 Third and Later Generations by Race and Ethnicity: White, Non-Hispanic40,201 3 1 Black, Non-Hispanic8,031 3 1 Asian, Non-Hispanic329 8 3 American Indian562 18 7 Hispanic3,489 43 15 First and Second Generations by Country of Origi Laos113 96 61 Cambodia64 93 59 Dominican Republic179 93 39 USSR62 84 45 Mexico2,618 91 40 Thailand69 66 39 Vietnam226 87 44 Guatemala101 90 40 Honduras52 79 31 El Salvador203 94 44 Nicaragua74 89 46 Haiti105 75 29 Jordan19 62 11 Belize16 18 5 1 ran20 69 1 1 Ecuador64 85 24 Venezuela22 70 23 Israel60 65 19 Trinidad and Tobago52 6 1 Colombia117 84 23 Pakistan39 72 19
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From page 75... ...
citizens, or who have do not do not speak English Children not at least 1 parent in the home at home exclusively or very well U.S. citizens who is not a citizen (percent)
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From page 76... ...
(percent) (percent: Costa Rica 23 68 18 Panama 40 42 13 Brazil 31 67 25 Romania 26 73 23 Spain 27 64 15 Lebanon 36 71 16 Jamaica 132 6 2 Guyana 46 7 2 Nigeria 34 23 7 China 131 81 36 1 Indonesia 17 41 18 1 ran 76 68 20 Cuba 211 81 18 Peru 61 81 26 Korea 231 65 23 Syria 15 61 15 Taiwan 97 80 28 Argentina 35 69 17 Yugoslavia 44 61 10 Hong Kong 56 79 35 Chile 21 74 17 Australia 18 13 3 Austria 21 26 9 France 41 46 10 Hungary 25 43 13 Egypt 29 56 13 Germany 258 18 4 Greece 68 70 11 Japan 100 54 29 Barbados 15 3 1 Poland 80 66 15 Turkey 15 55 8 Italy 179 37 8 Portugal 77 75 16 United Kingdom 209 7 2
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From page 77... ...
citizens, or who have do not do not speak English Children not at least 1 parent in the home at home exclusively or very well U.S. citizens who is not a citizen (percent)
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From page 78... ...
(percent) (percent: Canada 263 11 3 South Africa 15 12 3 Netherlands 38 13 3 1 ndia 175 63 14 Philippines 399 35 11 I relend 44 5 1 NOTE: Countries are listed from highest to lowest official poverty rate for first and second generations combined.
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From page 79... ...
DONALD I HERNANDEZ AND KATHERINE DARKE 79 do not at home Children who do not speak English exclusively or very well (percent)
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From page 80... ...
(percent) (percent: All First-Generation Children2,084 33 47 24 11 All Second-Generation Children6,288 19 29 33 21 Third and Later Generations by Race and Ethnicity: White, Non-Hispanic40,201 11 17 42 26 Black, Non-Hispanic8,031 40 51 25 9 Asian, Non-Hispanic329 10 14 38 37 American Indian562 38 51 24 7 Hispanic3,489 31 42 31 11 First- and Second-Generation Children by Country of Origin: Laos - 1 st Generation49 51 64 16 1 Laos - 2nd Generation64 50 65 15 2 Cambodia -1st Generation30 52 68 14 3 Cambodia - 2nd Generation34 41 57 23 6 Dominican Republic 1st Generation48 41 57 21 2 Dominican Republic 2nd Generation131 42 54 25 7 USSR -1st Generation38 51 60 17 14 USSR - 2nd Generation24 11 14 32 45 Mexico -1st Generation643 44 63 14 2 Mexico - 2nd Generation1,975 32 49 24 5 Thailand -1st Generation36 59 73 12 3 Thailand - 2nd Generation33 5 10 46 29 Vietnam - 1 st Generation99 42 54 23 7 Vietnam - 2nd Generation33 23 32 35 19 Guatemala -1st Generation35 36 54 19 3 Guatemala - 2nd Generation66 27 42 27 9
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From page 81... ...
DONALD I HERNANDEZ AND KATHERINE DARKE nd ~tions 81 Children Children whose whose fathers mothers Children Children have less have less Children who live in dren in very Children in than a than a with 5 linguistically dle-class well-off one-parent high school high school or more isolated Fort financially families education education siblings households ~cent)
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From page 82... ...
(percent; Honduras -1st Generation 17 37 59 19 2 Honduras - 2nd Generation 35 25 40 29 10 El Salvador -1st Generation 77 32 50 21 3 El Salvador - 2nd Generation 126 25 41 29 7 Nicaragua - 1 st Generation 39 36 55 20 3 Nicaragua - 2nd Generation 35 18 29 37 14 Haiti -1st Generation 28 30 49 25 5 Haiti - 2nd Generation 77 24 36 32 12 Jordan -1st Generation 2 47 54 26 8 Jordan - 2nd Generation 17 22 33 31 15 Belize - 1 st Generation 3 23 39 30 11 Belize - 2nd Generation 12 23 28 36 13 Iraq -1st Generation 4 34 46 34 10 Iraq - 2nd Generation 17 19 27 40 18 Ecuador- 1st Generation 12 26 40 30 7 Ecuador- 2nd Generation 52 19 28 38 16 Venezuela - 1 st Generation 8 33 39 27 15 Venezuela - 2nd Generation 15 13 18 41 30 Israel -1st Generation 13 23 30 35 23 Israel - 2nd Generation 46 18 24 30 35 Trinidad and Tobago -1st Generation 12 30 43 27 10 Trinidad and Tobago - 2nd Generation 41 14 23 39 23 Colombia -1st Generation 29 19 34 33 9 Colombia - 2nd Generation 88 16 24 39 18 Pakistan - 1st Generation 11 24 34 32 13 Pakistan - 2nd Generation 28 13 18 38 32 Costa Rica -1st Generation 4 29 40 36 6 Costa Rica - 2nd Generation 19 14 23 38 20 Panama -1st Generation 6 27 39 39 9 Panama - 2nd Generation 33 15 23 36 26 Brazil -1st Generation 9 21 35 33 16 Brazil - 2nd Generation 21 13 20 42 29
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From page 83... ...
DONALD I HERNANDEZ AND KATHERINE DARKE 83 Children Children whose whose fathers mothers Children Children haveless haveless Children wholive Idren in very Children in than a than a with 5 linguistically Idle-class well-off one-parent high school high school or more isolated Fort financially families education education siblings households Cent)
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From page 84... ...
84 TABLE 2A-2a (Continuecl) RISK FACTORS AND RESOURCES Children Children Children Childrenin very Number of in official in relative middle-class well-off children poverty poverty comfort financial!
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From page 85... ...
Children with 5 or more siblings (percent) Children who live in linguistically isolated households (percent)
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From page 86... ...
(percent) (percent Hong Kong -1st Generation17 26 35 31 14 Hong Kong - 2nd Generation39 3 8 35 47 Chile - 1 st Generation5 19 28 33 17 Chile - 2nd Generation17 8 15 38 31 Australia -1st Generation3 13 17 27 45 Australia - 2nd Generation14 10 16 33 43 Austria -1st Generation1 33 42 30 13 Austria - 2nd Generation20 7 12 42 40 France - 1 st Generation7 11 14 30 48 France - 2nd Generation34 8 13 35 39 Hungary -1st Generation3 17 20 33 26 Hungary - 2nd Generation22 8 13 35 41 Egypt - 1st Generation5 20 29 42 19 Egypt - 2nd Generation25 7 12 35 43 Germany - 1 st Generation16 25 32 31 25 Germany - 2nd Generation243 7 12 41 33 Greece -1st Generation3 16 24 44 17 Greece - 2nd Generation65 8 15 42 26 Japan - 1st Generation32 11 13 26 52 Japan - 2nd Generation68 6 11 41 36 Barbados -1st Generation3 6 25 36 13 Barbados - 2nd Generation11 8 14 51 24 Poland -1st Generation18 14 22 42 23 Poland - 2nd Generation62 5 9 45 35 Turkey - 1st Generation3 11 23 20 36 Turkey - 2nd Generation12 6 11 35 38 Italy -1st Generation8 14 20 36 25 Italy - 2nd Generation171 6 11 45 30 Portugal - 1st Generation14 11 17 50 14 Portugal - 2nd Generation64 5 10 51 24 United Kingdom -1st Generation31 10 13 31 45 United Kingdom - 2nd Generation178 5 9 39 41
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From page 87... ...
Children with 5 or more siblings (percent) Children who live in linguistically isolated households (percent)
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From page 88... ...
(percent: Canada -1st Generation33 9 14 31 47 Canada - 2nd Generation230 6 11 40 38 South Africa -1st Generation5 7 11 23 58 South Africa - 2nd Generation10 6 9 27 56 Netherlands - 1 st Generation2 14 19 24 42 Netherlands - 2nd Generation36 5 11 40 38 India -1st Generation45 10 17 39 27 India - 2nd Generation130 3 6 33 53 Philippines -1st Generation83 9 15 48 20 Philippines - 2nd Generation316 4 8 44 35 Ireland -1st Generation4 12 14 38 26 Ireland - 2nd Generation40 4 7 42 41 NOTE: Countries are listed from highest to lowest official poverty rate for first and second generations combined.
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From page 89... ...
DONALD I HERNANDEZ AND KATHERINE DARKE 89 Children Children whose whose fathers mothers Children Children have less have less Children who live in dren in very Children in than a than a with 5 linguistically dle-class well-off one-parent high school high school or more isolated Fort financially families education education siblings households ~cent)
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From page 90... ...
(percent: All First-Generation Children2,084 17 10 All Second-Generation Children6,288 9 6 Third and Later Generations by Race and Ethnicity: White, Non-Hispanic40,201 3 5 Black, Non-Hispanic8,031 30 18 Asian, Non-Hispanic329 4 3 American Indian562 14 32 Hispanic3,489 17 15 First- and Second-Generation Children by Country of Origin: Laos - 1 st Generation49 18 4 Laos - 2nd Generation64 17 4 Cambodia -1st Generation30 32 5 Cambodia - 2nd Generation34 27 4 Dominican Republic -1st Generation48 60 22 Dominican Republic - 2nd Generation131 51 18 USSR -1st Generation38 32 3 USSR - 2nd Generation24 8 0 Mexico - 1 st Generation643 15 21 Mexico - 2nd Generation1,975 8 13 Thailand -1st Generation36 27 4 Thailand - 2nd Generation33 2 1 Vietnam - 1 st Generation99 18 2 Vietnam - 2nd Generation33 10 1 Guatemala -1st Generation35 20 10 Guatemala - 2nd Generation66 17 8 Honduras -1st Generation17 26 12 Honduras - 2nd Generation35 21 8 El Salvador -1st Generation77 16 8 El Salvador - 2nd Generation126 15 7 Nicaragua -1st Generation39 17 13 Nicaragua - 2nd Generation35 8 6
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From page 91... ...
DONALD I HERNANDEZ AND KATHERINE DARKE ,econd~tions 91 Beholds Children with no Childrenlivingin Children in truck telephone in their homes houses built before 1950 crowded homes (percent)
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From page 92... ...
(percent) (percent Haiti -1st Generation 28 30 13 Haiti - 2nd Generation 77 21 9 Jordan -1st Generation 2 15 9 Jordan - 2nd Generation 17 7 1 Belize - 1 st Generation 3 33 7 Belize - 2nd Generation 12 16 6 Iraq -1st Generation 4 10 3 Iraq - 2nd Generation 17 3 1 Ecuador - 1 st Generation 12 34 11 Ecuador- 2nd Generation 52 22 7 Venezuela - 1 st Generation 8 11 4 Venezuela - 2nd Generation 15 4 5 Israel - 1st Generation 13 11 2 Israel - 2nd Generation 46 13 1 Trinidad and Tobago -1st Generation 12 40 9 Trinidad and Tobago - 2nd Generation 41 25 6 Colombia -1st Generation 29 17 9 Colombia - 2nd Generation 88 11 5 Pakistan - 1st Generation 11 10 2 Pakistan - 2nd Generation 28 6 2 Costa Rica - 1st Generation 4 18 11 Costa Rica - 2nd Generation 19 13 3 Panama -1st Generation 6 25 3 Panama - 2nd Generation 33 15 7 Brazil -1st Generation 9 10 2 Brazil - 2nd Generation 21 6 3 Romania - 1st Generation 11 10 5 Romania - 2nd Generation 15 7 0 Spain -1st Generation 6 10 4 Spain - 2nd Generation 22 7 3 Lebanon -1st Generation 8 9 1 Lebanon - 2nd Generation 28 3 2 Jamaica - 1 st Generation 40 29 5 Jamaica - 2nd Generation 92 19 5 Guyana -1st Generation 18 42 3 Guyana - 2nd Generation 28 23 5 Nigeria -1st Generation 5 19 4 Nigeria - 2nd Generation 29 9 3
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From page 93... ...
DONALD I HERNANDEZ AND KATHERINE DARKE 93 useholds Children with no Childrenlivingin Children in truck telephone in their homes houses built before 1950 crowded homes (percent)
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From page 94... ...
(percent) (percent China -1st Generation34 36 2 China - 2nd Generation97 12 1 Indonesia -1st Generation4 11 2 Indonesia - 2nd Generation13 2 1 Iran -1st Generation24 8 1 Iran - 2nd Generation52 3 1 Cuba -1st Generation27 12 4 Cuba - 2nd Generation184 6 3 Peru -1st Generation18 13 4 Peru - 2nd Generation43 10 4 Korea - 1 st Generation67 5 1 Korea - 2nd Generation163 2 1 Syria -1st Generation2 6 0 Syria - 2nd Generation13 2 0 Taiwan - 1 st Generation32 4 0 Taiwan - 2nd Generation65 2 0 Argentina- 1st Generation10 6 3 Argentina - 2nd Generation26 6 2 Yugoslavia -1st Generation5 13 4 Yugoslavia - 2nd Generation39 5 1 Hong Kong -1st Generation17 19 1 Hong Kong - 2nd Generation39 5 0 Chile - 1 st Generation5 8 3 Chile - 2nd Generation17 5 1 Australia -1st Generation3 6 1 Australia - 2nd Generation14 5 0 Austria -1st Generation1 20 0 Austria - 2nd Generation20 4 0 France - 1 st Generation7 5 2 France - 2nd Generation34 5 1 Hungary -1st Generation3 16 2 Hungary - 2nd Generation22 7 2 Egypt -1st Generation5 7 2 Egypt - 2nd Generation25 3 1 Germany - 1 st Generation16 5 3 Germany - 2nd Generation243 3 3
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From page 95... ...
DONALD I HERNANDEZ AND KATHERINE DARKE 95 ~seholds Children with no Childrenlivingin Children in truck telephone in their homes houses built before 1950 crowded homes (percent)
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From page 96... ...
(percent) (percent Greece -1st Generation3 7 Greece - 2nd Generation65 3 Japan -1st Generation32 2 Japan - 2nd Generation68 3 2 Barbados -1st Generation3 38 3 Barbados - 2nd Generation11 26 4 Poland -1st Generation18 9 Poland - 2nd Generation62 4 Turkey -1st Generation3 6 Turkey - 2nd Generation12 4 Italy -1st Generation8 13 Italy - 2nd Generation171 3 Portugal -1st Generation14 9 Portugal - 2nd Generation64 3 , United Kingdom -1st Generation31 5 1 United Kingdom - 2ndGeneration178 3 2 Canada -1st Generation33 3 1 Canada - 2nd Generation230 2 2 South Africa -1st Generation5 2 0 South Africa - 2nd Generation10 5 1 Netherlands - 1 st Generation2 7 1 Netherlands - 2nd Generation36 1 1 India -1st Generation45 11 1 India - 2nd Generation130 3 Philippines -1st Generation83 5 Philippines - 2nd Generation316 2 Ireland -1st Generation4 7 3 Ireland - 2nd Generation40 4 NOTE: Countries are listed from highest to lowest official poverty rate for first and second generations combined.
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From page 97... ...
DONALD I HERNANDEZ AND KATHERINE DARKE 97 useholds Children with no Childrenlivingin Children in truck telephone in their homes houses built before 1950 crowded homes (percent)
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From page 98... ...
All First-Generation Children 2,084 12 41 45 All Second-Generation Children 6,288 6 28 41 Third and Later Generations by Race and Ethnicity: White, Non-Hispanic40,201 4 19 34 Black, Non-Hispanic8,031 11 34 33 Asian, Non-Hispanic329 4 18 29 American Indian562 14 46 40 Hispanic3,489 8 30 43 First- and Second-Generation Children by Country of Origin: Laos - 1 st Generation49 51 68 64 Laos - 2nd Generation64 46 68 67 Cambodia -1st Generation30 51 69 70 Cambodia - 2nd Generation34 34 53 62 Dominican Republic 1st Generation48 12 40 45 Dominican Republic 2nd Generation131 10 38 54 USSR -1st Generation38 31 75 53 USSR - 2nd Generation24 5 21 34 Mexico - 1 st Generation643 7 43 50 Mexico - 2nd Generation1,975 7 37 50 Thailand -1st Generation36 58 73 74 Thailand - 2nd Generation33 4 21 32 Vietnam - 1 st Generation99 30 57 52 Vietnam - 2nd Generation33 11 33 42 Guatemala -1st Generation35 6 32 36 Guatemala - 2nd Generation66 5 31 44 Honduras -1st Generation17 10 42 38 Honduras - 2nd Generation35 8 35 43
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From page 99... ...
99 Children Children with fathers Children with fathers not working with mothers Number of not in the full-time, not in the children labor force year-round labor force (thousands) (percent)
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From page 100... ...
Children with mothers not in the labor force (percent) Lebanon -1st Generation8 12 40 63 Lebanon - 2nd Generation28 8 24 60 Jamaica - 1 st Generation40 5 32 12 Jamaica - 2nd Generation92 6 28 19 Guyana -1st Generation18 4 30 24 Guyana - 2nd Generation28 6 27 27 Nigeria -1st Generation5 7 51 30 Nigeria - 2nd Generation29 6 36 25 China -1st Generation34 9 41 27 China - 2nd Generation97 4 22 32 Indonesia -1st Generation4 34 63 59 Indonesia - 2nd Generation13 4 20 35 Iran -1st Generation24 17 45 50 Iran - 2nd Generation52 5 21 44 Cuba -1st Generation27 7 37 37 Cuba - 2nd Generation184 4 20 34 Peru -1st Generation18 4 34 31 Peru - 2nd Generation43 4 25 36 Korea - 1 st Generation67 9 38 37 Korea - 2nd Generation163 5 22 39 Syria -1st Generation2 13 51 62 Syria - 2nd Generation13 7 29 57 Taiwan - 1 st Generation32 13 36 43 Taiwan - 2nd Generation65 4 18 39 Argentina- 1st Generation10 6 28 41 Argentina - 2nd Generation26 2 19 45 Yugoslavia -1st Generation5 4 32 42 Yugoslavia - 2nd Generation39 6 26 42 Hong Kong -1st Generation17 13 41 33 Hong Kong - 2nd Generation39 3 13 30 Chile - 1 st Generation5 4 28 42 Chile - 2nd Generation17 3 16 36 Australia -1st Generation3 7 17 74 Australia - 2nd Generation14 3 16 43 Austria - 1st Generation1 11 32 64 Austria - 2nd Generation20 4 18 33
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From page 101... ...
101 Children Children with fathers Children with fathers not working with mothers Number of not in the full-time, not in the children labor force year-round labor force (thousands) (percent)
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From page 102... ...
Children with mothers not in the labor force (percent) Philippines -1st Generation 83 7 29 18 Philippines - 2nd Generation 316 5 20 18 Ireland -1st Generation 4 5 29 56 Ireland - 2nd Generation 40 4 17 41 NOTE: Countries are listed from highest to lowest official poverty rate for first and second generations combined.
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From page 103... ...
All First-Generation Children 2,084 34 38 23 14 All Second-Generation Children 6,288 23 22 25 17 Third and Later Generations by Race and Ethnicity: White, Non-Hispanic40,201 3 2 28 20 Black, Non-Hispanic8,031 6 4 12 9 Asian, Non-Hispanic329 1 1 40 31 American Indian562 8 6 9 7 Hispanic3,489 9 10 12 7 First- and Second-Generation Children by Country of Origin: Laos - 1 st Generation49 48 66 8 6 Laos - 2nd Generation64 36 56 7 2 Cambodia -1st Generation30 51 68 3 2 Cambodia - 2nd Generation34 35 53 9 2 Dominican Republic 1st Generation48 42 43 8 4 Dominican Republic 2nd Generation131 22 25 10 6 USSR - 1st Generation38 11 8 36 32 USSR - 2nd Generation24 4 3 49 41 Mexico - 1 st Generation643 67 69 3 2 Mexico - 2nd Generation1,975 51 48 4 3 Thailand -1st Generation36 50 68 8 4 Thailand - 2nd Generation33 2 21 39 21 continued on next page
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From page 104... ...
104 TABLE 2A-2cl (Continuecl) RISK FACTORS AND RESOURCES Children Children Children Children whose whose with with fathers mothers fathers mothers have four have four who have who have or more or more 8 or fewer 8 or fewer years of years of Number of years of years of college college children education education education education (thousands)
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From page 105... ...
Children whose mothers have four or more years of college education (percent) Costa Rica -1st Generation4 16 21 18 10 Costa Rica - 2nd Generation19 10 10 20 13 Panama -1st Generation6 2 8 24 10 Panama - 2nd Generation33 2 3 26 18 Brazil - 1st Generation9 11 13 44 31 Brazil - 2nd Generation21 9 9 38 28 Romania - 1st Generation11 13 18 34 28 Romania - 2nd Generation15 7 5 42 34 Spain -1st Generation6 30 28 28 15 Spain - 2nd Generation22 8 8 30 19 Lebanon - 1st Generation8 28 23 18 11 Lebanon - 2nd Generation28 10 9 40 24 Jamaica - 1 st Generation40 12 8 14 9 Jamaica - 2nd Generation92 7 4 21 18 Guyana -1st Generation18 12 13 14 Guyana - 2nd Generation28 3 5 27 16 Nigeria -1st Generation5 0 4 77 41 Nigeria - 2nd Generation29 0 1 80 46 China -1st Generation34 30 35 28 17 China - 2nd Generation97 13 15 43 32 Indonesia -1st Generation4 9 16 56 27 Indonesia - 2nd Generation13 1 1 53 36 Iran -1st Generation24 4 7 60 29 Iran - 2nd Generation52 1 1 71 43 Cuba - 1st Generation27 30 29 11 9 Cuba - 2nd Generation184 10 7 26 17 Peru -1st Generation18 6 8 26 14 Peru - 2nd Generation43 5 5 30 19 Korea - 1 st Generation67 5 8 46 31 Korea - 2nd Generation163 1 7 42 27 Syria - 1st Generation2 16 21 27 14 Syria - 2nd Generation13 9 9 44 20 continued on next page
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From page 106... ...
Taiwan - 1 st Generation32 7 7 62 35 Taiwan - 2nd Generation65 1 3 77 60 Argentina- 1st Generation10 14 15 31 26 Argentina - 2nd Generation26 7 4 35 24 Yugoslavia - 1st Generation5 14 20 28 17 Yugoslavia - 2nd Generation39 19 19 17 14 Hong Kong -1st Generation17 28 31 15 7 Hong Kong - 2nd Generation39 7 8 53 39 Chile - 1 st Generation5 9 10 28 17 Chile - 2nd Generation17 4 4 35 23 Australia -1st Generation3 1 2 63 32 Australia - 2nd Generation14 3 0 48 33 Austria -1st Generation1 12 3 47 38 Austria - 2nd Generation20 1 1 45 37 France - 1 st Generation7 7 8 65 45 France - 2nd Generation34 3 1 45 34 Hungary -1st Generation3 5 6 51 32 Hungary - 2nd Generation22 6 2 38 29 Egypt -1st Generation5 2 5 75 59 Egypt - 2nd Generation25 1 2 66 41 Germany - 1 st Generation16 2 5 47 27 Germany - 2nd Generation243 2 1 34 22 Greece -1st Generation3 24 26 24 12 Greece - 2nd Generation65 23 18 21 17 Japan -1st Generation32 2 2 78 45 Japan - 2nd Generation68 2 2 44 26 Barbados - 1st Generation3 10 13 19 12 Barbados - 2nd Generation11 8 2 18 14 Poland -1st Generation18 7 6 32 27 Poland - 2nd Generation62 6 5 30 22 Turkey -1st Generation3 13 17 46 34 Turkey - 2nd Generation12 9 7 40 32
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From page 107... ...
(percent) Italy -1st Generation8 33 34 24 16 Italy - 2nd Generation171 19 15 19 14 Portugal -1st Generation14 68 65 3 3 Portugal - 2nd Generation64 38 34 8 5 United Kingdom 1st Generation31 1 3 56 27 United Kingdom 2nd Generation178 1 1 41 26 Canada -1st Generation33 4 3 58 31 Canada - 2nd Generation230 3 2 38 26 South Africa -1st Generation5 1 1 63 35 South Africa - 2nd Generation10 0 1 70 42 Netherlands - 1 st Generation2 0 3 60 34 Netherlands - 2nd Generation36 2 1 40 26 India -1st Generation45 4 9 62 46 India - 2nd Generation130 1 2 80 63 Philippines -1st Generation83 7 9 46 52 Philippines - 2nd Generation316 3 6 37 45 Ireland -1st Generation4 12 7 36 13 Ireland - 2nd Generation40 4 2 31 20 NOTE: Countries are listed from highest to lowest official poverty rate for first and second generations combined.
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From page 108... ...
(percent: All First-Generation Children2,084 87 45 All Second-Generation Children6,288 58 19 Third and Later Generations by Race and Ethnicity: White, Non-Hispanic40,201 1 N/A Black, Non-Hispanic8,031 1 N/A Asian, Non-Hispanic329 3 N/A American Indian562 7 N/A Hispanic3,489 15 N/A First- and Second-Generation Children by Country of Origin: Laos - 1 st Generation49 97 57 Laos - 2nd Generation64 95 65 Cambodia -1st Generation30 97 62 Cambodia - 2nd Generation34 87 54 Dominican Republic -1st Generation48 97 55 Dominican Republic - 2nd Generation131 91 31 USSR -1st Generation38 96 61 USSR - 2nd Generation24 57 12 Mexico - 1 st Generation643 97 59 Mexico - 2nd Generation1,975 88 32 Thailand -1st Generation36 95 65 Thailand - 2nd Generation33 32 9 Vietnam - 1 st Generation99 97 52 Vietnam - 2nd Generation33 76 34 Guatemala -1st Generation35 98 56 Guatemala - 2nd Generation66 83 26 Honduras -1st Generation17 93 48 Honduras - 2nd Generation35 69 18 El Salvador -1st Generation77 98 53 El Salvador - 2nd Generation126 90 35 Nicaragua - 1 st Generation39 97 58 Nicaragua - 2nd Generation35 75 22
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From page 109... ...
citizens, or who have do not do not speak English who are not at least 1 parent in the home at home exclusively or very well U.S. citizens who is not a citizen (percent)
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From page 110... ...
(percent) (percent: Haiti -1st Generation 28 91 47 Haiti - 2nd Generation 77 67 21 Jordan -1st Generation 2 98 28 Jordan - 2nd Generation 17 55 8 Belize - 1 st Generation 3 28 10 Belize - 2nd Generation 12 14 3 Iraq -1st Generation 4 90 13 Iraq - 2nd Generation 17 62 10 Ecuador- 1st Generation 12 98 38 Ecuador- 2nd Generation 52 80 20 Venezuela - 1 st Generation 8 95 36 Venezuela - 2nd Generation 15 49 12 Israel -1st Generation 13 91 28 Israel - 2nd Generation 46 54 15 Trinidad and Tobago -1st Generation 12 7 4 Trinidad and Tobago - 2nd Generation 41 5 1 Colombia -1st Generation 29 96 38 Colombia - 2nd Generation 88 78 17 Pakistan - 1st Generation 11 94 29 Pakistan - 2nd Generation 28 60 14 Costa Rica -1st Generation 4 94 38 Costa Rica - 2nd Generation 19 61 13 Panama -1st Generation 6 86 31 Panama - 2nd Generation 33 32 9 Brazil -1st Generation 9 93 47 Brazil - 2nd Generation 21 50 11 Romania - 1st Generation 11 91 33 Romania - 2nd Generation 15 54 14 Spain -1st Generation 6 91 26 Spain - 2nd Generation 22 56 12 Lebanon -1st Generation 8 92 26 Lebanon - 2nd Generation 28 62 12 Jamaica - 1 st Generation 40 7 2 Jamaica - 2nd Generation 92 6 2 Guyana -1st Generation 18 8 2 Guyana - 2nd Generation 28 7 2
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From page 111... ...
citizens, or who have do not do not speak English who are not at least 1 parent in the home at home exclusively or very well U.S. citizens who is not a citizen (percent)
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From page 112... ...
(percent) (percent: Nigeria -1st Generation5 59 27 Nigeria - 2nd Generation29 15 3 China -1st Generation34 97 63 China - 2nd Generation97 74 23 Indonesia -1st Generation4 88 43 Indonesia - 2nd Generation13 20 6 Iran -1st Generation24 93 34 Iran - 2nd Generation52 49 10 Cuba -1st Generation27 98 36 Cuba - 2nd Generation184 77 15 Peru -1st Generation18 98 42 Peru - 2nd Generation43 69 16 Korea - 1 st Generation67 92 38 Korea - 2nd Generation163 50 14 Syria -1st Generation2 93 35 Syria - 2nd Generation13 52 10 Taiwan - 1 st Generation32 96 41 Taiwan - 2nd Generation65 68 16 Argentina- 1st Generation10 96 26 Argentina - 2nd Generation26 55 12 Yugoslavia -1st Generation5 94 22 Yugoslavia - 2nd Generation39 57 8 Hong Kong -1st Generation17 97 54 Hong Kong - 2nd Generation39 66 22 Chile - 1 st Generation5 94 32 Chile - 2nd Generation17 66 12 Australia -1st Generation3 27 3 Australia - 2nd Generation14 8 3 Austria -1st Generation1 84 32 Austria - 2nd Generation20 22 7 France - 1 st Generation7 91 30 France - 2nd Generation34 35 5 Hungary -1st Generation3 99 28 Hungary - 2nd Generation22 35 11 Egypt -1st Generation5 88 27 Egypt - 2nd Generation25 48 10
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From page 113... ...
citizens, or who have do not do not speak English who are not at least 1 parent in the home at home exclusively or very well U.S. citizens who is not a citizen (percent)
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From page 114... ...
(percent) (percent: Germany - 1 st Generation16 69 15 Germany - 2nd Generation243 14 4 Greece -1st Generation3 87 27 Greece - 2nd Generation65 69 10 Japan -1st Generation32 94 66 Japan - 2nd Generation68 34 10 Barbados -1st Generation3 7 2 Barbados - 2nd Generation11 2 1 Poland -1st Generation18 96 31 Poland - 2nd Generation62 55 9 Turkey -1st Generation3 87 18 Turkey - 2nd Generation12 45 5 Italy -1st Generation8 85 21 Italy - 2nd Generation171 35 7 Portugal -1st Generation14 96 28 Portugal - 2nd Generation64 69 12 United Kingdom -1st Generation31 19 3 United Kingdom - 2nd Generation178 5 1 Canada -1st Generation33 30 5 Canada - 2nd Generation230 7 2 South Africa -1st Generation5 18 4 South Africa - 2nd Generation10 7 2 Netherlands - 1 st Generation2 77 10 Netherlands - 2nd Generation36 9 3 India -1st Generation45 84 24 India - 2nd Generation130 53 10 Philippines -1st Generation83 75 27 Philippines - 2nd Generation316 21 5 Ireland -1st Generation4 17 5 Ireland - 2nd Generation40 4 0 NOTE: Countries are listed from highest to lowest official poverty rate for first and second generations combined.
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From page 115... ...
citizens, or who have do not do not speak English who are not at least 1 parent in the home at home exclusively or very well U.S. citizens who is not a citizen (percent)
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From page 116... ...
Children poverty Black, Non-Hispanic8,031 40 51 Dominican Republic12 40 50 American Indian562 38 51 Hispanic3,489 31 42 Mexico2,203 28 39 Cuba32 24 31 Guatemala4 17 23 El Salvador7 17 24 Ecuador4 15 21 Peru4 15 21 Honduras4 14 23 Nicaragua4 14 16 Columbia13 13 18 White, Non-Hispanic40,201 11 17 Panama4 11 16 Asian, Non-Hispanic329 10 14 Philippines41 10 16 China35 5 7 Japan80 3 6 Korea64 3 5
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From page 117... ...
Children in relative poverty (percent) Children in middle-class comfort (percent)
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From page 118... ...
(percent) Children than a hi (percent: Black, Non-Hispanic 62 26 29 Dominican Republic 70 28 46 American Indian 40 28 29 Hispanic 42 30 35 Mexico 38 30 34 Cuba 47 17 19 Guatemala 41 16 17 El Salvador 49 23 17 Ecuador 50 8 12 Peru 46 15 11 Honduras 50 8 13 Nicaragua 41 14 16 Columbia 35 9 10 White, Non-Hispanic 18 12 12 Panama 52 5 13 Asian, Non-Hispanic 25 7 9 Philippines 37 11 16 China 20 4 4 Japan 17 3 2 Korea 11 2 2 NOTE: Groups are listed from highest to lowest official poverty rate.
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From page 119... ...
more siblings (percent) Children who live in linguistically isolated households (percent)
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From page 120... ...
in their h Black, Non-Hispanic8,031 30 18 Dominican Republic12 50 20 American Indian562 14 32 Hispanic3,489 17 15 Mexico2,203 9 14 Cuba32 14 8 Guatemala4 10 1 El Salvador7 7 5 Ecuador4 23 6 Peru4 4 3 Honduras4 8 3 Nicaragua4 7 2 Columbia13 7 6 White, Non-Hispanic40,201 3 5 Panama4 8 3 Asian, Non-Hispanic329 4 3 Philippines41 4 3 China35 3 2 Japan80 1 1 Korea64 1 1 NOTE: Groups are listed from highest to lowest official poverty rate.
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From page 121... ...
DONALD I HERNANDEZ AND KATHERINE DARKE ater 121 s Children with no telephone Children living in houses Children in crowded percents in their homes (percent)
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From page 122... ...
Black, Non-Hispanic8,031 11 34 33 Dominican Republic12 17 43 48 American Indian562 14 46 40 Hispanic3,489 8 30 43 Mexico2,203 7 29 40 Cuba32 7 22 36 Guatemala4 4 27 39 El Salvador7 9 22 30 Ecuador4 2 17 24 Peru4 4 15 40 Honduras4 5 24 32 Nicaragua4 3 13 31 Columbia13 1 17 33 White' Non-Hispanic40,201 4 19 Panama4 5 13 Asian, Non-Hispanic329 Philippines41 China Japan Korea 35 80 64 34 27 18 22 16 13 13 29 29 24 23 31 NOTE: Groups are listed from highest to lowest official poverty rate.
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From page 123... ...
Black, Non-Hispanic8,031 Dominican Republic12 American Indian562 Hispanic3,489 Mexico2,203 Cuba32 Guatemala El Salvador Ecuador Peru Honduras Nicaragua Columbia White, Non-Hispanic Panama Asian, Non-Hispanic Philippines China Japan Korea 329 41 35 80 64 N/A 6132 7N/A N/A 13 8 10 6 8 10 8 13 219 40,201 1N/A 15 36 29 32 24 24 28 24 25 21 23 3 7 12 4 2 7 N/A 3 5 NOTE: Groups are listed from highest to lowest official poverty rate.
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From page 124... ...
of educe Black, Non-Hispanic8,031 6 4 Dominican Republic12 14 12 American Indian562 8 6 Hispanic3,489 9 10 Mexico2,203 8 9 Cuba32 3 3 Guatemala4 5 4 El Salvador7 7 3 Ecuador4 2 4 Peru4 3 3 Honduras4 5 4 Nicaragua4 0 2 Columbia13 3 3 White, Non-Hispanic40,201 3 2 Panama4 0 0 Asian, Non-Hispanic329 1 1 Philippines41 1 2 China35 1 1 Japan80 0 0 Korea64 1 0 NOTE: Groups are listed from highest to lowest official poverty rate.
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From page 125... ...
DONALD I HERNANDEZ AND KATHERINE DARKE ~ilclren 125 ears Children with mothers who have 8 or fewer years of education (percent)
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Key Terms
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