The Future Role of Pesticides in US Agriculture (2000) / Chapter Skim
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5 Evaluation of Pest-Control Strategies
5 Evaluation of Pest-Control Strategies
Pages 210-249
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From page 210... ...
Pest managers use an array of chemical pesticides, cultural practices, biological control, and genetically modified organisms to control a broad spectrum of pest species. Moreover, even in a single production system, the utility of chemical pesticides can vary.
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From page 211... ...
Explanations for the heavy reliance on conventional pesticides are numerous and include shortages of trained consultants, institutional limits on information transfer, and unavailability of pesticides with appropriate specificity (Brunner 1994~. Cultural factors enter in as well; because of consumer aesthetic concerns, crops grown for fresh market receive more intensive pesticide use to ensure quality.
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From page 212... ...
The diversity of weeds in the weed seed bank, particularly across the diverse acreages planted in soybean (over 45 million acres in major producing states) , presents opportunities for weed species shifts and a challenge to single-strategy management plans (Gunsolus et al., 2000~.
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Marshall, Industry Affairs Director, Monsanto, personal communication, August 8, 2000~; there is concern that such herbicideresistant varieties will not reduce weed control to one herbicide application because of a lack of residual weed control. Although vegetable crops, like field crops, are annuals, characteristics of vegetable production systems resemble tree fruit crops in their diversity and in the cultural constraints on production.
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The output price will increase from Po to Pi, and output will increase from Yo to hi. The overall increase in the output market surplus in this case will be equal to the area GoAoA1 G1 in figure 5-2.
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216 Lit ¢ Em ON ON ON ON Lr)
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At the same time, consumer concern about pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits (NRC 1993) can restrict the utility of these chemical pesticides in the future, as might concern about worker exposures, given the nature of nonmechanized harvesting procedures in many cropping systems.
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220 THE FUTURE ROLE OF PESTICIDES IN US AGRICULTURE TABLE 5-2 Fruit and Vegetable Acreage Treated with Pesticides, Major Producing States, 1992 1997 1993 Herbicide 1995 Insecticide Fungicide Herbicide Fruit: Grapes, all types 64 66 93 74 Oranges 94 90 57 97 Apples, bearing 43 99 88 63 Grapefruit 93 93 85 92 Peaches, bearing 49 99 98 66 Prunes 40 93 84 Avocados 50 12 10 24 Pears 44 98 92 65 Cherries, sweet 45 94 87 61 Lemons 71 88 14 83 Cherries, tart 49 98 99 67 Plums 70 89 79 48 Olives 67 27 33 54 Nectarines 84 98 95 82 Blueberries 75 91 81 73 Total Application, 1,000 lbs.
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From page 221... ...
are under debate (Wratten and Forbes 1996, Spratt 1997~. In the context of companion-animal pest management, the ready availability of many products and the absence of strict requirements for applicator training contribute to increased health risks to both private consumers and professionals.
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1,000s of No. of Planted States Acres Surveyed Vegetables: Sweet corn, proc.
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Label changes might reduce such exposures. Urban Pest-Management Systems Residential pest control is performed or coordinated by consumers to manage nonstructural pests and enhance the value of properties for aesthetic or recreational purposes.
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Researchers and practitioners indicated that improved weed control is necessary for all these systems. Land managers can use an array of tactics including hand-pulling weeds, biocontrol, and chemical pesticidesto protect native flora and fauna of natural parks, wildlands, and habitats preserved for conservation.
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(1992) argue that the value of statistical life implied by pesticide regulations varies widely across regulations, and this is consistent with the findings on the impact of other regulations that affect environmental health (Cropper and Freeman 1990~.
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estimated the economic and health effects of various pesticide regulations, derived implied values of life, and determined consistent optimal policies under various assumptions regarding value of life. The approach presented here can provide regulatory choices under alternative assumptions regarding the value of life and limb; alternatively, it can provide the quantitative tradeoffs between economic benefits and the risks that have to be explicitly considered in decision-making.
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These costs include the cost of producing chemical, biological, or other types of materials for pest control.
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The choice of discounting factors may significantly affect the value of SS due to the relatively heavy load of expenditures at the earlier stages of a strategy and the concentration of earning at the later stages. Higher discount factors will reduce the weight of benefits in SS and increase the likelihood of negative outcome, while lower r will likely increase the SS1 .
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Stricter regulations can increase the cost of operation and investment, reduce SS, and make some strategies economically less feasible. However, imposing payment of environmental costs on the parties responsible will prevent introduction of strategies that are undesirable from an overall societal perspective and will reduce excess environmental and health costs.
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From page 232... ...
UR, is the sum of the products' per acre revenues in each region,, and the acreage of the region. Thus, UR = ~Airv i=1 The per-acre revenues are the product of output price, Pi, in the region and yield per acre, Pi; thus, rvi = PiYi.
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UPC includes application, material, and other costs per acre associated with pesticide use. We separate pest control and nonpest control for simplicity, but this is not always feasible.
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. Pest-control costs can decline after an initial period that requires investment in new pest-control equipment and training; however, pest resistance can increase costs over time.
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Acreage and output with a given technology are functions of the output price, and we can denote as the supply curve of the industry, where S(p)
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The intersection of the two curves, at Ao, and it results in output price PO and output quantity YO. If a new pest-control technology, technology 1, will increase supply, it will result in a shift of the supply curve to the right, from SO to So.
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Figure 5-1 provides a graphic presentation of US; this is the area between the supply curve and the output price. For technology 0, this is PoAoCo, and for technology 1, it is PLAICE.
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The output price will increase from PO to Pi, and output will increase from YO to Ye. The overall increase in the output market surplus in this case will be equal to the area CoAoA~C~ in Figure 5-2.
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(1990) show that a pesticide ban in grain crops will reduce consumer welfare substantially through its impact on the price of meats.
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Some of the effects can be quantified and monetized, and the quantification should be incorporated into the cost-benefit analysis. The health costs associated with pest-control strategies are denoted by HC and are in several categories shown below.
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There is also the issue of cumulative exposure. It is useful to break the annual health costs into these subcategories.
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Several categories of environmental costs can be associated with pesticide strategies. The strategies might also have some benefits relative to an initial situation.
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of the strategy: NB = CS + PS - EHC - GNC. NB equals the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus, minus environmental health costs and government net costs.
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listed below each parameter: net return = [Agricultural Production x (price received - dockage from pest)
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The pest-management costs can be summed as follows: MW + Mi + Mp + Mj where MW is cost of weed management, Mi is cost of insect management and Mp is cost of pathogen management and Mj is cost of other pest management. The cost associated with the evolution of resistance to a pesticide is referred to as "durability cost" and is the cost difference between the current pesticide and an alternative management method (M4)
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1994. Integrated pest management in tree fruit crops.
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2000. Assessing integrated weed management in terms of risk management and biological time constraints.
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1992. A novel approach to environmental risk assessment of pesticides as a basis for incorporating environmental costs into economic injury levels.
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1995. Market effects of cotton integrated pest management.
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