The Changing Nature of Work Implications for Occupational Analysis (1999) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 349-364
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From page 349... ...
NET_, 184, 185, 186, 327 see also Skills Armed Forces Qualification Test, 226 Armed Forces Vocational Aptitude Text Battery, 245 Army, see Military personnel Army After Next, 237 Army Occupational Analysis Survey, 256 Army Personnel Network (AP*
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From page 350... ...
350 professional and technical workers, 51, 52-55 service workers, 52-55 skills and, 52-55, 57 social-psychological contracts, 97102, 103 training / development opportunities and, 54-55 unskilled workers, 51, 52-55 Australian Standard Classification of Occupations, 174,175, 330331 Automation, 39,125, 150 blue-collar workers, 116, 150 military personnel, 253-254, 260, 261, 262 service workers, 121-122,125-126, 127 see also Computer applications B Beliefs, see Attitudes and beliefs Black persons, see African Americans Blue-collar workers, 21, 28, 41, 105, 108-121, 266, 335 automation, 116, 150 blue-collar/managerial divide, 10, 103, 108-110, 113, 114-116, 120, 160, 265, 272, 283, 285286 cognitive skills, 110,112,113,115116, 120, 160 problem solving, 112,114 computer use, 113-117,120,160 content analysis, 110-113 defined, 108 emotional work, 121 globalization of markets, 117-119 historical perspectives, 41,108, 117-119, 159, 264, 265 interpersonal skills, 108,109,110, 113, 115, 121, 160; see also "teamwork" infra military, 237, 252 INDEX occupational classification systems, 111-112, 159-160 organizational factors, 109-113, 117-121; see also "blue/collar managerial divide" supra quality control, 110,112-113,117, 118, 119, 120 skills, 113-115, 160; see also "interpersonal skills" supra team skills, 84, 85,110-113,114, 115-119 task analysis, 109,111-112,160 teamwork, 84, 85,110-113,114,115 121 technological innovation, 113-117 Bureau of Census, 21, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 85, 167 Classified Index of Occupations and Industries, 176,177,178 CPS, 39, 42, 48, 59, 62, 68, 87-89, 93, 177, 190, 196 SOC, use of, 178 Bureau of Labor Statistics, 59, 60-61, 95,96,105,190,261 Occupational and Employment Statistics Classification System, 168,190, 96 Occupational Employment Statistics, 176,177,178, 196 C Canadian Classification and Dictionary of Occupations, 174, 175, 332-333 Career ladders/stages, 97,188, 234235 managerial jobs, 81 military, 234-235, 245, 249, 262 technical workers, 153-154 Career pattern changes, 14, 86-87, 90, 204, 210-211 military, 70-71, 210-211, 234-235, 245 Census Bureau, see Bureau of Census
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From page 351... ...
NET_, 186,199, 322, 324 professional and technical workers, 154-156, 158 service workers, 121,127,128 see also Content analysis; Problem solving; Skills; Task analysis Combat activities, 219, 227, 229, 230, 239, 241, 244, 245, 246, 247, 251-254 Common Metric Questionnaire, 172, 173, 338-339 Communication, interpersonal, see Interpersonal skills and work Compensation, 2, 67-69,172, 267 attitudes toward work, 50-51, 5253,56,57 computer use and, 39 educational attainment and, 67 global competition, 31, 32, 266 historical trends, 50-51, 52-53, 56, 57,67-69,70,71 inequality, 67-69, 72, 93, 218, 253 military personnel, 218, 222, 226227, 253 nonstandard employment, 93 service workers, 122,125 skills and, 67-68,106 social-psychological contracts, 99 351 Comprehensive Occupational Data Analysis Program, 168, 256 257 Computer applications, 16, 36 AP* NET, 9, 259, 261, 262, 284-285 blue-collar workers, 113-117,120, 160 digitization, 36-40, 267-268 managerial work, 134, 135 military personnel, 252-254, 255, 256, 258-259 national databases, 10-11,159, 286, 287, 339; see also Occupational Information Network (O*
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From page 352... ...
, 39, 42, 48, 59, 62, 68, 87-89, 93, 177, 190, 196 D Decision-making, viii, 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 14, 18-19,106,107,172,277,287 attitudes toward work and, 52-53, 84-85, 106 blue-collar/managerial divide, 10, 103, 108-110, 113, 114-116, 120, 160, 265, 272, 283, 285286 career selection, 14; see also Counseling individual, 164 ISCO, 174 military personnel, 8, 240, 251, 253254, 260 organization-level, 73, 263-264, 276 service workers, 121-122, 128 see also Managers and management; Selection and placement Demand, see Supply and demand Demographic factors, 2, 3, 4, 10, 15, 16, 28, 40-49, 57, 285 content analysis, 41 historical trends, 28, 41, 42-49, 5967, 71-72, 265-266 age factors, workforce trends, 41, 42-44, 63, 66 INDEX blue-collar workers, 41, 108, 117-119, 159, 264, 265 change across occupations, 59 62 change within occupations, 62 67, 263 clerical workers, workforce trends, 59-62 (passim) gender factors in workforce, general, 16, 28, 41-49 (passim)
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From page 353... ...
NET_, 184-185, 186, 188, 323 service workers, 122, 132 wages and salaries, 67 Education and training, 1, 24, 64-65, 66, 95-97, 168, 170, 173, 331 apprentices and trainees, 179, 188 353 attitudes toward work, 54-55 computer applications, vii, 95-96, 239 gender factors, 96 historical perspectives, 95, 96-97 managers, 54, 95 military personnel, vii, 2, 9, 210, 217, 237, 239-240, 242-243, 245, 252-253, 254, 258, 260, 262 professional networking, 90-91 service workers, 125, 128-130 teamwork, cross-training, 84 technological innovation, 95 see also Knowledge factors; Skills Elderly persons, 42, 66, 77-79 Electronic Performance Support Systems, 96 Emotional work, 106, 108, 121, 122, 137-138, 199, 201, 244, 251, 273, 277, 282 blue-collar workers, 121 gender factors, 201 managerial workers, 138 military personnel, 251 professional workers, 156-157, 158, 161 service workers, 122 Employee development, 95-97, 168 attitudes toward work, 54-55 see also Counseling; Education and training Employment, nonstandard, 31, 58, 9194, 102-103 compensation, 93 home work, 26, 27, 48, 71-72 self-employed persons, 91, 94, 146, 207 telecommuters, 13, 48 volunteer work, 26, 178 Enumerative systems, 169-171, 173 174, 197, 329-333 Environmental factors, vii, 2, 27, 3072, 164, 170, 264-273 military personnel, 222-243
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From page 354... ...
" Fertility, 43 Financial markets, 33-35, 267 Fleishman Job Analysis System, 172, 173, 186, 335-336 Force XXI Operations, 251, 252, 255-256 Foreign countries, see International perspectives G Gender factors, 3 age factors and, 43, 44, 225 attitudes toward work, 50-51 INDEX education and training, 96 emotional work, 201 historical perspectives, 16, 28, 4149 (passim) , 63-66, 70 military personnel, 8, 223, 224-225, 227-230, 281 nonstandard employment, 91 occupational classification systems, 61-62 service workers, 121,133 unpaid work, 26 workforce, general, 16, 28, 41-49 (passim)
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From page 355... ...
NET_, 187,199, 322, 324 professional and technical workers, 156-157,158, 161 see also Emotional work; Managers and management; Service workers; Team skills; Teamwork Japan, 37,116,118-119,135, 139 Job descriptions, 1, 5,103-104,169171, 173, 277-278, 334-340 blue-collar workers, 108, 109 interdisciplinary, 10 ISCO, 174 managers, 10 military personnel, 167, 256-257, 260, 261, 262, 264 national database on work, 10-11 O* NET_, 6,184-185,188-189, 190, 199-200, 205, 262, 264, 322, 324-326 see also Dictionary of Occupational Titles; Task analysis Job families, 6,106, 170, 173, 179, 180, 273, 277, 330-331, 332, 337 ISCO, 330-331 O*
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From page 356... ...
NET_, 185,186,187,188, 284, 323 see also Educational attainment; Education and training; Military occupational specialities; Skills L Laborers, see Unskilled workers INDEX Legal factors, 11,15,16,17-18, 274 deregulation, 31, 34 globalization, 31 military personnel, 218-219, 224 social-psychological contracts, 97102, 103 Legislation, specific, 17 Fair Labor Standards Act, 108 Family and Medical Leave Act, 18 National Labor Relations Act, 108 Wagner-Peyser Act, 167 Life expectancy, 45-46 see also Worklife duration M Managers and management, 2, 8,10, 17, 18-19, 28, 134-140, 159, 161-162, 267, 324, 335, 339 attitudes toward work, 51, 52-55 basis for assessing other jobs, 23 blue-collar/managerial divide, 10, 103, 108-110, 113, 114-116, 120, 160, 265, 272, 283, 285286 cognitive skills, 136,140 computer applications, 134,135 content analysis, 128,161-162 demographic factors, 42-43, 52-53, 59-62, 64-65, 81-82 digital technology, 40 downsizing, 75,103, 269 emotional work, 138 hierarchies, flattening of, 32, 73, 81-86, 87, 103, 107, 270, 271 job security and stability, 75, 81-82, 103, 140, 269 military, 246, 248, 252, 261, 262 networking, 90-91 proportion of workforce, historical trends, 59-62 (passim) , 81-82 quality control, 136-137 service workers, 128 SOC,179, 180 team skills, 86,136-138,140, 211-213
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From page 357... ...
NET_, 7, 9, 196 racial/ethnic factors, 222-223, 230232 Military personnel, vii, 2, 7-9, 28, 216262, 280-285, 337-338 African Americans, 222-223, 230232 age factors, 8, 223, 224, 225, 281 AP* NET, 9, 259, 261, 262, 284-285 aptitudes, 240, 245 automation, 253-254, 260, 261, 262 budgetary considerations, 221 career ladders/stages, 234-235, 245, 249, 262 career pattern changes, 70-71, 210211, 234-235, 245 combat activities, 219, 227, 229, 230, 239, 241, 244, 245, 246, 247, 251-254 compensation, 218, 222, 226-227, 253 computer applications, 252-254, 255, 256, 258-259 357 cultural factors, 219-220, 251, 260 decision-making, 8, 240, 251, 253 254, 260 demographics, 8, 216, 222-235, 281 downsizing, 8, 221-222, 240, 249, 283 educational attainment, 223, 226 education and training, vii, 2, 9, 210, 217, 237, 239-240, 242 243, 245, 252-253, 254, 258, 260, 262 emotional work, 251 environmental factors, general, 222-243 family factors, 220, 225, 281 gender factors, 8, 223, 224-225, 227 230, 281 Hispanics, 223, 230-232 historical perspectives, 167, 256 demographics, 8, 216, 222-235, 281 mission change, 4, 8, 9, 18-19, 29, 217, 221, 235-237, 244, 252 individual performance, 224, 225 226, 240 interpersonal skills, 250-251 joint operations, 8, 237, 250, 281 key features, 216-222 knowledge factors, 240, 244, 251, 254, 260, 261, 262, 284 legal environment, 218-219, 224 managers, 246, 248, 252, 261, 262 marital status, 223, 225 minorities, 222-223, 230-232 mission change, 4, 8, 9, 18-19, 29, 217, 235-237, 244, 245, 247, 248, 252, 260, 282-283, 284 occupational classification, general, vii-viii, 180 O*
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358 reserve personnel, 240, 241, 242244, 248, 281 skills, 8, 240, 243, 247-248, 250-251 252-253, 261, 262, 281, 284 SOC, 180 task analysis, 256-257, 262, 264, 284; see also Military occupational specialities teamwork, 111, 238-239, 244, 251, 256, 260; see also "combat activities" supra technological innovation, 8, 210, 237-240, 245, 247, 252-253, 281-282, 284 telecommunications, 238-239, 250, 259, 260, 261 Minnesota Job Description Questionnaire, 186-187 Minority groups, 3,16, 43, 45, 63-66 age factors, 42-43 immigrants, 3, 89-90 military personnel, 222-223, 230232 networking, 89, 90 service workers, 121 see also specific groups Mission change, military, 4, 8, 9,18-19, 29, 217, 235-237, 244, 245, 247, 248, 252, 260, 282-283, 284 joint operations, 8, 237, 250, 281 Multidisciplinary approaches, 9, 2327, 263, 285 see also Team skills; Teamwork Multipurpose Occupational Systems Analysis Inventory-Close Ended, 172,173, 339-340 N National Association of Staffing Services, 93 National Center on the Educational Quality of the Workplace, 85 National Employer Survey, 85 INDEX National Establishment Survey, 85 National Guard, 240, 241, 242, 244, 248 National Labor Relations Act, 108 National Occupational Classification, 333 National Occupational Information Coordinating Committee, 7, 196, 280 National Skills Standards Board, 91 Naval Air Warfare Center Training Systems Division, 111 Netherlands Standard Classification of Occupations, 174,175, 331-332 Nonstandard employment, see Employment, nonstandard o Occupational Analysis Inventory, 336337, 338 Occupational analysis systems, general, vii-viii, 1-3, 6-7,14, 164-215, 276-280, 330-340 blue-collar workers, 111-112 decision aids, 11, 19-20 defined, 21, 22,165,166, 227-257 demographic factors, 42, 61-62 framework, 15 history of, general, 166-169,171, 178 military, 2, 7, 9, 27, 216-262; see also Military occupational specialities; Military personnel organizational factors, 29,197-198 service workers, 121 teamwork, 83, 111-112 types of, 169-197 see also Aptitudes; Content analysis; Knowledge factors; Occupational Information Network (O* NET_~; Skills; Task analysis
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From page 359... ...
NET_~; Standard Occupational Classification see also Content analysis; Enumerative systems; Job descriptions; Task analysis; specific occupational categories Occupational Employment Statistics, 176,177,178,196 Occupational families, see Job families Occupational Information Network (O*
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From page 360... ...
, 10, 14, 15, 18-20, 23-24, 27, 28-29, 73-104, 164, 268-269 blue-collar/managerial divide, 10, 103, 108-110, 113, 114-116, 120, 160, 265, 272, 283, 285286 blue-collar workers, other, 109-113, 117-121 blurring boundaries, 10, 28-29, 83, 102-103, 105-106, 108-110, 113, 114-116, 119, 120, 124, INDEX 127, 141, 146, 158, 160, 161, 256, 263, 272, 283, 285 military personnel, 254-255, 256, 283 see also "hierarchies" infra corporate culture, 97, 136-137, 138139 decision-making, organizational level, 73, 263-264, 276 demographics, 40-41 globalization, 32, 35 hierarchies, flattening of, 32, 73, 81-86, 87, 103, 107, 270, 271 horizontal division of labor, 28, 107, 110, 136, 151-154, 157, 158, 162, 163, 255, 268, 269, 270; see also Team skills; Teamwork mergers, acquisitions, and joint ventures, 34, 86, 87 military personnel, 8, 216, 217-222, 225, 237, 240-243, 254-256 downsizing, 8, 221-222, 240 mission change, 4, 8, 9, 18-19, 29, 217, 235-237, 240-241, 244, 245, 247, 248, 252, 260, 282-283, 284 occupational classification systems, 83, 86, 103-194, 197198, 278 O* NET_, 185-186, 189, 197, 203204 professional bureaucracies, 146147, 151-152 psychological approaches, 10, 21, 23-24, 25, 97-102 technological innovation, 19, 20, 87 see also Downsizing; Industrial relations; Managers and management; Team skills; Teamwork Outsourcing, see Contract work and workers; Self-employed persons
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From page 361... ...
, 105,141,146, 147-148, 149, 264-265 interpersonal skills, 150,156-157, 158, 161 networking, education and, 90-91 occupational classification systems, general, 141-146, 161 proportion of workforce, trends, 59-62 (passim) , 105 skills, 150,156-157,158, 161 SOC, 179 technological factors, 147-148,149 151 see also Managers and management; Military occupational specialties 361 Promotion, 51, 56, 87, 101-102, 249, 262, 270 Psychological approaches, vii, viii, 2, 20, 167, 340 industrial / organizational, 1 0, 21, 23-24, 25, 97-102 military personnel testing, 167, 251 social-psychological contracts, 97102, 103 see also Attitudes and beliefs Public Employment Service, 210 Q Quality control, 2, 17, 20, 33, 71, 83, 95, 108 blue-collar workers, 110, 112-113, 117, 118, 119, 120 managerial workers, 136-137 service workers, 123,125,126,133 Quality of life, 15 R Recruitment, 96, 97,165 military, 9, 225-226, 245, 248-249, 260, 262 see also Selection and placement Regulatory issues, see Legal factors Reserve personnel, military, 240, 241, 242-244, 248, 281 S Salaries, see Compensation Sales workers, 21, 52-53, 59, 60, 61, 84, 105,119-125 (passim)
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From page 362... ...
, 121 quality control, 123,125,126, 133 skills, 121-123, 128-132 specialist, 128-129 task analysis, 121,125 team skills, 84 technological factors, 125,127,128, 131-133 telecommunications, 125-126, 127 unskilled, 125-126 see also Clerical workers; Sales workers Sex-based factors, see Gender factors Shareholder interests, 34-35, 274 foreign investors, 32,118 managerial workers, 137 Shift work, 57-59 Simulation training, military, vii, 239 Skills, vii, 1, 2,13, 29, 66, 67,106,170, 172, 266-267, 330-333 INDEX attitudes toward work and, 52-55, 57 blue-collar workers, 113-115, 160 compensation, 106 computer applications, general, 37-40, 67 Dictionary of Occupational Titles, 183 digitization, 37-40 ISCO, 174, 329 managerial workers, 136-137 military personnel, 8, 240, 243, 247248, 250-251, 252-253, 261, 262, 281, 284 O* NET_, 184,185,186, 187-188, 194, 195, 322-324 professional and technical workers, 150, 156-157, 158, 161 service workers, 121-123,128-132 technological innovation and, 36, 37-40, 71, 127 wages and, 67-68,106 see also Aptitudes; Cognitive skills; Educational attainment; Education and training; Interpersonal skills and work; Team skills; Unskilled workers Small and medium-sized businesses, 74, 121, 122, 126, 131, 214 Social Change and Economic Life Initiative, 38-39 Social-psychological contracts, 97-102, 103 Social Science Research Council, 167 Sociology and social factors, 1, 2, 5, 10, 14, 15, 24, 25, 107-108, 286 anthropological studies, 10, 21, 2324,25,48,286 networking opportunities, 89 research trends, 10, 20-21 see also Cultural factors; Demographic factors; Family factors; Interpersonal skills and work
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From page 363... ...
NET_, 199, 200-201, 204, 209, 211-213 service workers, 84 Teamwork, 5, 8,19, 20, 28-29, 33, 8386, 97, 135, 270, 271, 272, 274 blue-collar workers, 84, 85, 110113, 114, 115-121 363 demographic factors, 42-43,120 historical perspectives, 42-43, 83, 85, 120 military, 111, 238-239, 244, 251, 256, 260; see also Combat activities occupational classification systems, 83, 86,165-166 unskilled workers, 83-84 Technical workers, 28,105,141-158, 161,264,324 age factors, 148-149 attitudes toward work, 52-55 career ladders/stages, 153-154 cognitive skills, 154-156,158 computer applications, 142,149, 150 content analysis, 150,154-157, 158, 161 downsizing, 75 historical perspectives, 51, 52-55, 59-62 (passim) , 141,146,147148, 149, 264 interpersonal skills, 156-157,158, 161 military personnel, 210, 231-234 (passim)
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From page 364... ...
service workers, 125-126 teamwork, 83-84 V Values, see Attitudes and beliefs Volunteer work, 26, 178 W Wages and earnings, see Compensation Wagner-Peyser Act, 167 War Manpower Commission, 167-168 White-collar workers, see Managers and management; Professional workers Women, see Gender factors Wonderlic test, 327 Worklife duration, 45-49 military personnel, 218 see also Job security and stability Work Profiling System, 172, 173, 340 WorkTrends_, 49, 51, 57, 84-85, 96, 100, 105-106 World Wide Web, see Internet
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