Microbial and Phenotypic Definition of Rats and Mice Proceedings of the 1998 US/Japan Conference (1999) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 26-36
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From page 26... ...
Pneumocystis carinii (1) Polyplax spinulosa (1)
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From page 27... ...
KAZUAKI MANNEN 27 Pseudomonas, Sendai virus, and so forth from domestic introduction. In contrast, the spectrum of contaminating organisms resulting from international transportation differed from domestic transportation.
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Howard Schneider, then Chairman of ILAR, in his opening remarks to an international symposium said that "Those familiar with the scientific process will recognize at once that this is only temporary, that one can confidently predict further progress by the time of the Fifth International Symposium." The symposium he was addressing was the Fourth, subtitled "Defining the Laboratory Animal," given here in this city in 1969, and eventuating in a text of the proceedings under the same name (ICLA 1971~. Thus, 30 years later, here we are discussing the same themes under the same subtitle.
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From page 29... ...
There appears little doubt that at present we are witness to a major restructuring of the list of indigenous pathogens of laboratory rodents, a process accelerated by the highly structured and microbially limited environments permitted by production environments and good laboratory animal practice. For the purpose of defining the microbial health status of laboratory rodents and lagomorphs, comprehensive health surveillance programs are oriented to the systematic diagnostic examination of sample groups of animals against a predetermined list of pathogenic organisms.
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From page 30... ...
Examination of skin scrapings is not TABLE 1 Arthropod Ectoparasites Diagnostic Alternatives for Rodent Comprehensive Health Surveillance Profiles Acceptable Alternate Not Ectoparasite Standard or Adjunctive Recommended Myobia 1 2 3 Myocoptes 1 2 3 Radfordia 1 2 3 Psorgates 1, 3 Notoedres 1 2 3 Demodex 3 4 Liponyssus 1 2 3 Polyplax 1 2 3 1 Direct visualization of skin and pelage by low power microscopy 2 Motile forms on hair tips and on black paper under cooling carcass 3 Skin scraping 4 Skin section
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Histopathology for Encephalitozoon detection is a useful confirmatory adjunct, but TABLE 2 Helminth Endoparasites Diagnostic Alternatives for Rodent Comprehensive Health Surveillance Profiles Acceptable Alternate Not Helminth Standard or Adjunctive Recommended Aspicularis 1 3 4 Syphacia 1 3 4 Hymenolepis 3 4 Trichosomoides 2 4 1 Direct visualization of lumen contents of cecum and colon by low power microscopy 2 Direct visualization of lumen surface of urocyst by low power microscopy 3 Fecal flotation in hypertonic solution 4 Microscopic examination of histologic sections of relevant tissues
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From page 32... ...
Other 4 2 2 3 Encephalitozoon 5 3 1 '2 1, J 1 Microscopic examination of wet mounts of intestinal scrapings 2 Microscopic examination of stained blood films 3 Microscopic examination of histologic sections of relevant tissues 4 Fecal flotation in hypertonic solution 5 Serologic immunoassay many infected individuals do not develop chronic lesions. The indicated methodology for detection should be regarded as adequate for the protozoa and sufficient to support surveillance programs.
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are adequate methodology to support surveillance programs for all of the indicated agents (Lussier and others 1991~. Indeed, the adequacy of these tests for surveillance programs has permitted essential eradication of all of these agents from quality breeding stocks in the United States.
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TABLE 6 Rat Viruses Diagnostic Alternatives for Rodent Comprehensive Health Surveillance Profiles Test Modesa Viruses Alt Other PVM Pneumonia Virus of Mice E I RE03 Respiratory Enteric Orphan III E I SEN Sendai Virus E I GD7 Theiler's Encephalomyelitis or TMI E I LCMV Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis E I HAN Hantaan Virus E I KRV Kilham's Rat Virus E I H RPV Rat Parvovirus E I H TH1 Toolan's H1 Virus E I SADV/RCV Sialodacryoadenitis Virus/Rat Corona Virus E I aStd = Standard or Preferred, Alt = Alternate or Confirmatory, E = Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
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Properly conducted, the stress test is arduous, takes 3 to 4 weeks to complete, and is expensive. By comparison, PCR can be done in 1 to 2 days, does not require ablation of the normative immune inhibition of pathogen populations, and is at least 1 to 2 logs more TABLE 7 Latent and Clinically Silent Agents Probably not Detected by Standard Methodology Diagnostic Alternatives for Rodent Comprehensive Health Surveillance Profiles Acceptable Alternate Not Agents Preferred or Adjunctive Recommended Clostridium piliforme 1 2 3 Corynebacterium kutscheri 1 2, 3 Pneumocystis carinii 1 2 Helicobacter sp.
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From page 36... ...
in certain rat sera and, in the author' s opinion, antibodies to the agents now termed rat and mouse parvovirus, respectively, in rat and mouse serum. Thus, at present, the problematic issues with murine virus serology are not sensitivity, as they were with the earlier generation of complement fixation and hemagglutination inhibition methods, but rather, issues of specificity.
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