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The Role of Protein and Amino Acids in Sustaining and Enhancing Performance (1999) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 413-429

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From page 413...
... Amino acid requirements animal data for composition/require mentpatterns, 178 brain function and, 289-293 controversy over, 3 - , 25-28, 170 173 definition, inherent difficulties, 169 202
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From page 414...
... ; Food supplements; Indispensable amino acids (IAA) ; Protein supplements Aminotransferase branched-chain amino acid reaction with, interaction with tricarboxylic acid in muscle, 315-317 branched-chain amino acids ingestion, effects on plasma concentrations/ muscle production of, during exercise, 317 Anabolic hormones injuries/infection treatment with, effects of, CMNR conclusions/recommendations, 12, 14, 78, 79 muscle protein effects of, 49-51, 125, 127, 128, 129 muscle protein metabolism, effects of following infection/injury, 281-282 See also Growth hormone (GH)
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From page 415...
... , 95 Army Regulation 40-250 (AR 40-250) , 102 Athletics Antarctic, walk across, protein turnover rates during, 36, 249 Boston Marathon and other athletes, endurance performance studies, 336 endurance athletes, amino acid/protein metabolism in, 310312 overtrained athletes, glutamine plasma concentrations in, 318-319 overtraining syndrome, glutamine and immune function, 249-250 Tour de France cyclists, amino acid/ protein metabolism in, 52, 311 Tour de France cyclists, glutamine plasma concentrations in, 318-319 Yale university athletes, reducedprotein diet study, 32, 201, 251 See also Physical activity ATP.
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From page 416...
... Children preschool, indispensable amino acid requirement patterns, FAD/WHO/ UNU, 171, 219 INDEX protein/indispensable amino acid requirements, FAO/WHO/UNU values, 3-4, 171 Chocolate Mountain Desert Gunnery Range, California, 98, 100 Choline dietary supplementation and endurance performance, 336 Cognitive performance amino acid changes in military lightweight rations, effects of, field studies results, 301-303 military limited-use operational ra tions, for optimal function, research needs, 8~87 military performance optimization, use of protein/amino acid supplements, CMNR conclusions/recommendations, 13, 14, 79-81 protein/amino acid requirements, role in, 20, 289-303 protein/amino acid supplements effects on, 8, 42-45 protein intake timing, effects on, 5758 stress and amino acid changes, effects on, 87, 298-300, 301-303 t~yptophan/serotonin effects on, 4344, 87, 289, 290, 292, 293-297 tyrosine/norepinephrine effects on, 44 45, 87, 289, 290, 292, 297-300 See also Physical performance Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR) , 2, 3, 6, 8, 21, 35, 36, 54, 55, 61, 86, 87, 88, 110 endurance exercise, protein requirements in, conclusions/recommendations, 77, 78 injuries/infection effects of anabolic hormones treatment, conclusions/ recommendations, 12, 14, 78, 79 operational rations and Military Recommended Dietary Allowance, conclusions/recommendations, 12, 14, 79 operational rations protein/energy content, conclusions/recommendations, 12-13, 14, 79 pregnancy/lactation and protein Military Recommended Dietary Allow
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From page 417...
... , 262, 263 muscle mass/composition measurement, methods overview, 46, 47-48, 259, 269-272, 274-275 See also Measurement techniques Endurance branched-chain amino acids/tryptophan ingestion, effects on performance, studies results, 310, 313-315 choline dietary supplementation and performance, 336 exercise, endurance, and protein/amino acid metabolism, 310-311 exercise, endurance, and protein requirements, CMNR conclusions/recommendations, 77, 78 glutamine ingestion, effects on performance, studies results, 310, 317320 See also Physical performance Energy deficit of, protein/amino acid supplementation effects on, CMNR conclusions/recommendations, 79-81 intake of, metabolic studies of longdistance cyclists, 52 military operations protein requirements, energy intake effects, CMNR conclusions/recommendations, 11, 14,77,78 military operational rations content of, by ration type, 94-95, 411 military operational rations content of, CMNR conclusions/recommendations, 12-13, 14, 79 military operational rations, historic intake of, World War II studies, 9 97 military operational rations, requirements of, determination, 102-103
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From page 418...
... standard, cognitive performance effects, 301-303 rations, operational, protein/energy current intake, 97-102 rations, operational, protein/energy historic intake, Wqrld War II studies, 9~97 See also Military operations; Military personnel Fluid Doctrine, 13, 14, 81 Food Minnesota bread study, 191, 192, 231 North Carolina wheat study, 191-192, 231 See also Food and drug safety; Food supplements; Military rations; Plants and vegetation; Soybeans; Wheat INDEX Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) , 24, 25, 26, 27, 57, 170, 172, 173, 174, 175, 186, 192, 194, 195, 199 nitrogen balance use for estimating amino acid requirements, 18~202 protein/amino acid obligatory oxidative losses, FAO/WHO/UNU values, 171 protein/amino acid requirements, 3 - , 24-28, 171, 218, 219, 220, 229, 230, 231, 236, 237 protein/amino acid requirements adjustment, 192-193 Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
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From page 419...
... ; Measurement techniques Immune function India amino acid supplementation effects on, 9, 13, 14,54-56 glutamine, effects on, 319-320 glutamine, overtraining syndrome, and, 249-250 military training/stressors effects on, nutritional intervention research needs, 88 Anura Kurpad, amino acid requirements studies, 234 Bangalore amino acid requirements studies, 223, 234 nitrogen loss studies, 223 St. John's Medical College, amino acid requirements studies, 223 Indispensable amino acids (IAA)
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From page 420...
... , 20, 5~51, 52 muscle protein effects of, 50-51, 125, 128-129, 133 See also Anabolic hormones In vivo neutron activation analysis (IVNA) /whole body counting muscle mass/composition measurement, methods overview, 47, 258, 259, 272-273, 275 See also Measurement techniques nitrogen loss studies, 223 renal stone disease incidence, 138 women breast cancer incidence, relationship to diet, 334-335 Kidney.
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From page 421...
... See Amino acid metabolism; Metabolic demand (MD) ; Protein metabolism urinary excretion effects of, 141, 142 Methodology, 3 isotope, stable, amino acid requirements prediction using, limitations, 193-197 muscle mass/composition measurement, methods organization, 257259 nitrogen balance studies, amino acid requirements prediction using, limitations, 18~192 protein requirements assessment, 2224 Toronto Break Point stable isotope studies on phenylalanine/lysine, limitations of, 197-198 3-Methylhistidine urinary metabolite measurement of muscle mass/composition, 45, 46, 258, 259, 263, 265, 267, 274 Military operations protein/amino acids requirements during, CM:NR conclusions/recommendations, 77-79 protein/amino acids role in physiological optimization during, research needs, 85-89 protein/amino acid supplementation to optimize performance, CMNR conclusions/recommendations, 79-81 rations, limited-use, for optimal cognitive/physical function, research needs, 8~87 rations protein/energy content, by ration type, 9~95, 411 rations protein/energy content, CMNR conclusions/recommendations, 1213, 14,79 rations protein/energy current intake, 97-102 rations protein/energy historic intake, World War II studies, 9097
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From page 422...
... Special Forces Military rations, 38 field/operational protein intake, over- 110 view, 93-104 garrison protein intake, overview, 93 104 limited-use, for optimal cognitive/ physical function, research needs, 8~87 operational, protein/energy content, by ration type, 9095, 411 operational, protein/energy content, CMNR conclusions/recommendations, 12-13, 14, 79 operational, protein/energy current intake in, 97-102 operational, protein/energy historic intake in, World War II studies, 9 97 INDEX operational, protein/energy requirements for, determination of, 102103 operational, protein Military Recommended Dietary Allowance for, CMNR conclusions/recommendations, 79 protein requirements for, crucial questions, 250 protein supplemental intake, overview, 93-104 World War II studies of, overview of, 93-97, 102 See also Meal, Ready-to-Eat (MRE) ; Military personnel; Ration, Light Weight-30 (RLW-30)
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From page 423...
... Norepinephrine, 290, 292, 293 cognitive performance effects of, 297299 stress exposure and cognitive performance, effects of, 297-299 See also Neurotransmitters North Carolina wheat study, 191-192, 231 Nurses' Health Study, 61 Nutrients infection/injury effects on whole body protein metabolism, regulators of, 162 military standard field and lightweight ration groups, intakes of, 301 Nutrition brain status determination by bloodbrain barrier, overview of, 290-293 intervention for immune function changes during military training/ stresses, research needs, 88 muscle mass/function, implications of, 132 undernutrition and military lightweight rations, cognitive performance effects of amino acid changes, field studies results, 301-303 See also Amino acid metabolism; Amino acids (AA) ; Amino acid supplements; Energy; Food supplements; Metabolic demand (MD)
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From page 424...
... See Sex steroids Prophylactics. See Drugs Protein acute renal failure, intake role in, 138, 144 Army's interest in role of, 2-3, 20-21 calcium status and intake of, 10, 60-61 cognitive performance effects of changes during stress, 301-303 functions of, 110, 111 glomerulosclerosis development, intake role in, 138, 144-147 intake adequacy, functional indicators of, 198-202 intake of, metabolic studies of longdistance cyclists, 52 intake timing, effects on exercise and cognitive function, 57-58 military operational rations content, by ration type, 9~95, 411
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From page 425...
... ; Protein requirements; Protein sup plements Protein-digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) , 170, 172 Protein metabolism amino acid/protein supplements, effects on, rationale for, 309-322 anorexia response to infection/injury, 160 energy costs of breakdown/degradation, 114-116 energy costs of synthesis and regulation, 112-114 425 energy-dependent processes associated with, summary, 110-112 energy supply and, interactions during increased physical activity, 4-5, 2933, 244, 248-249 environmental stresses influence on, 6, 20, 35-36 exercise, endurance, and, 310-311 hormonal response pattern following infection/injuIy, 161 hormones influence on, 20, 49-52 infection/injury effects on, overview of, 20, 155-159 muscle protein degradation, altering conditions, 115 muscle protein metabolism, hormonal interactions with, 49-52 muscle protein turnover effects of contractile activity, 30, 244, 247248 nitrogen translocation following infection/injury, 157, 158, 159-160, 161 overview of, 21-22, 173-186 physical activity influence and, 20, 243-244, 250251 translocation of following infection/ injury, regulators of, 160-162 turnover, protein, as indicator of amino acid intake adequacy, limitations, 198-199 turnover, regulatory proteins, energydependent processes in, 114 urea formation/recycling during military operations, research needs, 89 Protein powders (PP)
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From page 426...
... amino acid changes from standard rations, cognitive performance effects, field studies results, 301-303 nutrient intake of, field study, 301 Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) , 78, 94, 102, 173 pregnant/lactating women, protein allowance,~7, 37, 39, 71 protein allowance by age group and sex, 6, 37 protein requirements of FAD/WHO/ UNU and, 2~28 See also Military Recommended Dieta~y Allowance (MRDA)
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From page 427...
... aging effects on mass/function regulation, 123-126 ammonia production of, branchedchain amino acids ingestion effects during exercise, 317 anabolic hormones effects on, 49-51 anabolic hormones effects on following injury/infection, 281-282 anthropometric prediction methods for, overview, 45-46, 258, 259-261, 273-274 bioelectric impedance analysis prediction of, methods overview, 45, 46, 258, 259, 262-263, 264, 274 building, use of protein supplements for, CMNR conclusions/recommendations, 12, 14 catabolic hormones effects on, 52, 131 descriptive measurement methods for, 45-46 dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry prediction of, methods overview, 46, 47-48, 259, 269-272, 274-275 endurance of, 49 glycogen resynthesis in following exercise, effects of amino acid/protein supplementation, 310, 320-322 growth Boone effects on, 128-129, 133, 281 hormonal effects on muscle protein, 127-131 427 imaging methods for predicting, over view, 46-47, 258, 259, 268-269, 274 infection/inju~y effects on body com position, 160, 161 infection/injury effects on protein me tabolism in, 279-281 insulin effects on, 127, 128, 133, 282 insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) , effects on, 128-129, 133 in viva neutron activation/whole body counting as predictors of, methods overview, 46, 258, 259, 272-273, 275 mass and function regulation, over view of, 48-49, 121-123 measurement of, methods overview, 45-48, 259-273 metabolism of, 49 model-based measurement methods for, 46-48 nitrogen translocation to visceral or gans following infection/injury, 156, 159-160 protein degradation, altering condi tions, 115 protein turnover effects of contractile activity, 30, 244, 247-248 strength of, 48-49 substrates and nutrition, implications for, 132 testosterone effects on, 282 time-related changes in mass and com position, monitoring considerations, 273-275 tricarboxylic acid cycle in muscle, branched-chain amino acid-amino transferase reaction, interaction with, 315-317 ultrasound prediction of, methods overview, 45, 258, 259, 261-262, 273-274 urinary metabolites as indices of, methods overview, 45, 46, 258, 259, 263, 265, 274 Sodium sulfate calcium clearance role of, 140, 141, 143 Soybeans protein alternative sources, efficacy/ safety considerations, 80, 334-335
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From page 428...
... Special Forces Stable isotopes amino acid, indispensable, requirement values, use for, 193-197, 232-234 Toronto Break Point studies on phenylalanine/lysine, limitations of, 197-198 See also Measurement techniques Stressors altitude, high, protein requirements effects of, 35-36, 101 immune function stress-induced alterations, nutritional intervention research needs, 88 protein/amino acid requirements and, cognitive performance effects, 86, 87, 289, 290 protein/amino acid requirements and military operational stressors, effects of, CMNR conclusions/recommendations, 3-6, 35-36, 77-79 protein/amino acid supplementation to optimize military performance during, CMNR conclusions/recommendations, 79-81 protein requirements, effects of, 3-6, 11-12,20,28-36 tyrosine role in effects on cognitive performance, 44 45, 87, 298-300 Stroop Task, 300 Substrates muscle mass/function, implications for, 132 Temperature cold stress and cognitive performance, tyrosine role in, 87, 298-299 cold stress, protein requirements effects of, 35-36 heat stress and cognitive performance, tyrosine role in, 300 heat stress, protein requirements effects of, 35 Thyroid hormone, 131 See also Catabolic hormones; Hormones Toronto Break Point studies phenylalanine/lysine stable isotope data, limitations of, 197-198 INDEX Total body nitrogen (TBN) , 272, 273, 275 Total body potassium (TBK)
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From page 429...
... Women in military protein/amino acids supplemental use by, 103-104 protein/energy operational intakes, recent studies, 99, 101-102 protein intake studies, 38,40~1 protein requirements, research needs, 88-89 World Health Organization (WHO) , 24, 25,26,57,174,175,192 amino acidlprotein obligatory oxidative losses, FAO/WHO/UNU values, 171 amino acid/protein requirement patterns of FAO/WHO/UNU, 3 - ,2428,171,218,219,220,229,230, 231,236,237 World WarII, 37,93,138,261 operational rations protein/energy recommendations during, 94,102 operational rations protein/energy content, studies during, 9095 operational rations protein/energy intake, studies during, 96-97
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Key Terms

  • cognitive performance
  • amino acids
  • protein requirements
  • operational rations
  • acid requirements

  • recommended dietary
  • muscle protein
  • methods overview
  • performance effects
  • protein metabolism

  • dietary allowance
  • protein intake
  • military operational
  • acid supplementation
  • acid supplements

  • military recommended
  • studies results
  • nitrogen balance
  • obligatory oxidative
  • requirements effects

  • renal stone
  • supplementation effects
  • acid metabolism
  • acid changes
  • stone disease

  • protein effects
  • metabolic demand
  • physical activity
  • animal data
  • field studies


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