Spills of Nonfloating Oils Risk and Response (1999) / Chapter Skim
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1 Transportation of Heavy Oils and the Risk of Spills
1 Transportation of Heavy Oils and the Risk of Spills
Pages 9-19
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From page 9... ...
, very little loss by evaporation, and a viscous to semisolid consistency (NOAA and API, 1995~. Examples of heavy oils include Venezuela crude, San Joaquin Valley crude, Bunker crude, and No.
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From page 10... ...
By combining the statistics on spills with the data on cargo tonnage, the committee was able to estimate historical spill rates on a barrel-per-ton-mile. Because future spill rates may be influenced by fluctuations in traffic and trading patterns, as well as changes in vessel design and operation, these estimates should be reevaluated to predict future rates.
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From page 11... ...
Residual fuel oils accounted for 12 percent of the total tonnage of petroleum products shipped in 1996; coke, tar, pitch, and asphalt accounted for another 5 percent of the total. The combined total for heavy oils was, therefore, 17 percent of the total movement of all oil and petroleum products.
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From page 12... ...
Paul, Minnesota, and transported down the upper Mississippi River and up the Ohio River. Heavy residual oils are transported to power generating facilities through the inland waterways and along the East Coast and Gulf Coast and are exported from California to the Far East.
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From page 13... ...
, primarily as a result of cutbacks in the coastal tanker trade of crude oil. During this period, the movement of residual fuel oils declined by 45 percent, due partly to improvements in the refining process, which produces less residual oil per barrel of crude oil refined.
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From page 14... ...
The USCG database includes reported oil spills of all sizes in U.S. navigable waters.
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From page 15... ...
This statistic may be fortuitous, however, and a very large spill is likely to occur in the future. Large future spills are likely to involve crude oil rather than heavy oil, however, because most heavy oils and asphalt are carried on barges and smaller tankers.
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From page 16... ...
Although tankers were the primary source of marine oil spills prior to 1990, facilities have been responsible for a majority of the incidents and most of the total spill volume since then. Pipelines have been the source of more than 50 percent of the spill volume from facilities, and tank barges for more than 75 percent of the spill volume from vessels.
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From page 17... ...
Berman spill of nearly 18,000 barrels of heavy oil in 1994, strongly influenced the statistics. The committee could not explain why the average volume of nonfloating-oil spills should differ from the average volume of heavy-oil spills and considers the high volume of nonfloating-oil spills to be an anomaly caused by the limited statistics.
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From page 18... ...
Tankers and tank barges were responsible for 89 percent of the heavy-oil spills from 1991 to 1996. The spill rates for all petroleum cargoes and for heavy-oil cargoes are presented in Tables 1-4 and 1-5, respectively.
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From page 19... ...
Theoretical comparisons with single-hull vessels (NRC, 1998) indicate that double-hulled tankers and tank barges will be involved in four to six times fewer spills.
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