Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants Volume 3 (1999) / Chapter Skim
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To protect the health of exposed individuals, the Office of the Army Surgeon General requested that the National Research Council (NRC) independently review data on the toxicity of smokes and obscurants and recommend exposure guidance levels for military personnel in training and for the general public residing or working near military-training facilities.
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Toxicity data and exposure guidance levels for eight obscuring smokes were addressed in previous volumes: diesel fuel, fog oil, red phosphorus, and hexachloroethane were presented in Volume 1; white phosphorus, brass, titanium dioxide, and graphite were presented in Volume 2. SUBSTANCES EVALUATED Colored smokes are generated by deploying an M18 grenade or 40-mm cartridge containing a pyrotechnic mixture of fuel and dye.
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g/m3 for ~ hr exhibited injury characterized by lung necrosis, sloughing of the mucosa, and edema in the alveolar space. In the other study, animals were exposed to a smoke composed of solvent yellow 33, disperse red 9, and solvent green 3 at concentrations of 0.1 to I.0 g/m3 for ~ hr per day, 5 days per week for 100 days.
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In that study, histological examination of rats, mice, and guinea pigs exposed to the smoke at concentrations of 0.l to 1.0 g/m3 for ~ hr per day, 5 days per week for 100 days revealed pulmonary congestion, alveolitis, chronic pneumonia, and lung inflammation. The other study evaluated the toxicity of a smoke containing solvent yellow 33 and disperse orange ~1.
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One study evaluated the toxicity of a smoke containing solvent yellow 33, solvent green 3, and disperse red 9. Histological examination of rats, mice, and guinea pigs exposed to the smoke at concentrations of 0.1 to 1.0 g/m3 for ~ hr per day, 5 days per week for 100 days revealed pulmonary congestion, alveolitis, chronic pneumonia, and lung inflammation.
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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The subcommittee concludes that the available toxicity data base for the combustion products of the old and new smoke formulations is inadequate for use in assessing the potential health risk of exposure to these smokes and in recommending exposure guidance levels. Review of the data identified sufficient evidence of toxicity for smoke formulations and combustion products to raise concern, particularly with regard to dermal and respiratory-tract sensitization.
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To ensure that such studies are designed correctly, the Army should consult with an expert pane} before conducting them. Until adequate data are available for determining exposure guidance levels, the subcommittee recommends that the Army follow its current policy on protecting military personnel from the respiratory and dermal effects of the colored smokes.
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Because quantities of grenades and cartridges still in inventory contain the old smoke formulations, the Army requested an evaluation of the toxicity of the four old and the three new formulations. Composition of the Colored Smokes Table 1-1 lists the components of the colored-smoke Mae grenades and the 40mm cartridges.
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