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Achievements in Chemical Oceanography
Achievements in Chemical Oceanography
Pages 22-43
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From page 22... ...
The space allocated for this paper is It ited, and there is an abundance of significant contributions by individuals and groups deserving of explicit recognition more than can be incorporated into this paper. Adittedly important areas of research marine bioche istry, natural product che istry, and contributions of marine isotopic che istry to paleoclimate and paleoceanographic studies that could be thought of by many as marine geoche istry or marine che istry are not included because of space and time It itations and because they seemed to be beyond the charge given to me.
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From page 23... ...
Luyten, Senior Associate Director and Director of Research at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) , brought to my attention a recent editorial in Science "How to Change the University" (Hazzaniga, 1998~.
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At the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Alfred C Redfield and his former graduate student at Harvard University, Bostwick H
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Descriptive Chemical Oceanography Shifts Toward Quantifying Rates The decade also heralded a significant move from the use of chemical measurements for descriptive oceanography to the initiation of the use of chemical measurements to quantify rates of oceanic processes. These were the early career years of several scientists who would make significant contributions to marine chemistry and chemical oceanography and the use of chemistry to understand and quantify oceanic processes: Harmon Craig and Edward D
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V.T. Bowen (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)
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From page 27... ...
who identifies Roger Revelle by the apt designation "Senior Senator of Science." Roger Revelle received the National Medal of Science of the United States in 1990. Tracers, Ocean Circulation and Mixing, and Global Biogeochemical Cycles A very influential paper in chemical oceanography and marine geochemistry presented at the International Oceanographic Congress, and subsequently published in 1961, was by Broecker, Gerard, Ewing, and Heezen (1961)
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From page 28... ...
Of equal importance, John Hunt had a lasting impact on marine chemistry, geochemistry, and chemical oceanography through his efforts to build the Chemistry and Geology Department, and later the Chemistry Department, at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution with appointments of a diverse group of researchers to yield one of the better marine chemistry and geochemistry departments in the world (Dow, 1992~. Carbon Dioxide, the Carbon Cycle, and Climate During the 1960s, and continuing to the present, C
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From page 29... ...
John Edmond, a major participant in GEOSECS and a marine geochemist who has made several significant contributions to the field, recounts his view of some of the chemical oceanographic achievements that made GEOSECS a possibility (Edmond, 1980~. He states, and I paraphrase, that there were several significant efforts and discoveries, such as efforts by Derek Spencer of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and Karl Turekian of Yale University to overcome many obstacles and make oceanic trace-metal profile measurements a practical proposition; the pioneering efforts of Gote Ostlund and Claes Rooth of the University of Miami to measure tritium in the Atlantic Ocean; and measurement of primordial helium in the deep Pacific by Harmon
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From page 30... ...
Max Blumer, organic geochemist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, had been supported by both NSF and ONR to undertake fundamental investigations of organic compounds in the marine environment. Max focused on hydrocarbons and fatty acids in the contemporary environment and on pigment diagenesis products in ancient sediments.
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From page 31... ...
2 fuel oil compounds and adverse effects in subtidal, intertidal, and marsh communities of marine organisms (e.g., Burns and Teal, 1971; Burns, 1976; Sanders, 1978; Sanders et al., 1980~. Blumer, Sanders, and Teal pioneered modern oil pollution studies, along with colleagues studying the Arrow spill in Canada (e.g., Gordon and Michalik, 1971)
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are Norris Rakestraw, chairman, retired from Scripps Institution of Oceanography; Richard Bader and John Bunt, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami; James Carpenter, head of the Oceanography Section of the National Science Foundation; Dayton Carritt, director of the Institute for Man and His Environment, University of Massachusetts; Gordon Erdman, Phillips Petroleum Company Research Center; Robert Garrells and Edward Goldberg, Scripps Institution of Oceanography; John Hunt, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; David Menzel, Skidaway Institute of Oceanography; Timothy Parsons, Institute of Oceanography, University of British Columbia; and Ricardo M Pytkowicz, Oregon State University.
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From page 33... ...
, which was aimed at the broader arena of the chemistry of all waters, brought a modern and fundamental underpinning of physical chemistry to aquatic chemistry, including chemical oceanography and marine geochemistry. This book became a required text for many of my generation and a standard reference.
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From page 34... ...
The Uranium Decay Series and Chemical Oceanography-Marine Geochemistry A considerable number of scientists in numerous studies since the late 1960s, have utilized the uranium decay series radionuclides (Figure 2) to unravel, quantitatively, processes at the boundaries of the oceans and internal processes in the oceans.
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35 ~ ~ ~ ~ _ ~ I ~:t : ;^ of o by of o be o o o o · - ~ of of · · oo ~ cd sot m · · o So .
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From page 36... ...
Marine organic geochemistry moved from descriptive, qualitative studies to become more quantitative and more oceanic process oriented (e.g., see Gagosian, 1983; Farrington, 1987; Lee and Wakeham, 1989; and the review volume edited by Farrington, 1992~. The internal fluxes of materials on particulate matter in the ocean were the subject of significant efforts in chemical oceanography-marine geochemistry.
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From page 37... ...
Boyle took the connection of selected trace metal and nutrient cycles and depth profiles a step further in the significant finding that cadmium could be used as a paleoceanographic tracer (Boyle, 1988~. Progress in analytical chemistry has been crucial to many of the advances in our knowledge of trace-metal biogeochemistry, and other biogeochemical processes in the oceans, as it was in the early days of chemical oceanography-marine geochemistry (Johnson et al., 1992~.
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From page 38... ...
Examples from the efforts cited above are Max Blumer, Harmon Craig, Ed Goldberg, Bill Jenkins, John Hunt, Frank Millero, Claire Patterson, and Oliver Zafiriou, to name just a few. Beginning in the late 1960s, formal graduate education in chemical oceanography, marine geochemistry, and marine chemistry expanded, and now a majority of those conducting research in this arena have received formal degrees in chemical oceanography (or marine geochemistry, marine chemistry)
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Mass spectrometers of all sorts have replaced titration burettes as common analytical equipment in the laboratories of chemical oceanography and marine geochemistry. Data sets of unprecedented size and complexity are being interpreted more routinely.
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Contribution Number 10083, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. REFERENCES Andersen, N
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Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology-Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program.
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1971a. Marine Chemistry: A Report of the Marine Chemistry Panel of the Committee on Oceanography.
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From page 43... ...
1977. Marine organic photochemistry previewed.
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