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Strategies to Protect the Health of Deployed U.S. Forces Force Protection and Decontamination (1999) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix E: Percutaneous Absorption
Pages 224-229

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From page 224...
... In viva, the penetrating compound may not pass completely through the dermis but may be removed by metabolic mechanisms, such as through capillaries, and enter the blood stream causing systemic effects. With in vitro systems, skin metabolism can be studied in viable skin without interference from systemic metabolic processes.
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From page 225...
... after topical application. Plasma radioactivity can be measured and the percutaneous absorption determined by the ratio of the areas under the plasma concentration to time curves following topical and intravenous administration (Wester and Maibach, 1999a)
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From page 226...
... The system used an ion-trap mass spectrometer equipped with an atmospheric sampling glow discharge ionization source. The ion-trap mass spectrometer system was used to measure individual chemical components in the breath stream in the single-digit parts per billion detectable range for each of the compounds proposed for study, while maintaining linearity of response over a wide dynamic range.
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From page 227...
... Occlusion results in a combination of many physical factors that affect the skin and the applied compound by enhancing hydration and sometimes increasing skin temperature. Occlusion also prevents the accidental wiping or evaporation of the applied compound, in essence ensuring a higher applied dose.
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From page 228...
... IN VITRO VERSUS IN VIVO STUDIES Methods of in vitro percutaneous absorption are widely used to measure the absorption of topically applied compounds. A major advantage of in vitro systems is that they can be used to test compounds that are too toxic to test in humans.
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From page 229...
... 1998. Analytical performance of accelerator mass spectrometry and liquid scintillation counting for detection of 14C-labeled atrazine metabolites in human urine.
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Key Terms

  • accelerator mass
  • human skin
  • vitro percutaneous
  • stratum corneum
  • mass spectrometer

  • mass spectrometry
  • absorption measurements
  • stripping method
  • liquid scintillation
  • clinical studies

  • biological specimens
  • scintillation counting
  • pass completely
  • stripping models
  • metabolic processes

  • systemic metabolic
  • vitro techniques
  • skin metabolism
  • regional variation
  • animal skin

  • viable skin
  • penetrating compound
  • measuring percutaneous
  • dermal exposure
  • diffusion cells

  • reservoir content
  • exhaled air
  • tape strips
  • drug metabolism
  • mass selection


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