The National Academies Press

Currently Skimming:

Index
Pages 259-271

The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.

From page 259... ... Index A Adaptive processes, 2, 3, 10-11, 23-25, 26, 30-32, 34, 56 cultural, 220 glia, 16 mathematical models, 47-48 neural network models, 16 technological aids, general, 5, 11, 2930, 35, 63, 166-188, see Technological factors for specific subcategories theory, 47 Adenosine monophosphate, see AMP Affect, see Attitudes; Emotion African Americans, 26, 27, 33, 192, 194 Alcohol use, 190-191, 198 Alzheimer's disease, 2, 14, 15 anti-inflammatory drugs, 124 CREB levels, 118 genetic factors, 15, 133 hippocampus, 84-85, 89, 91, 92 homeostatic processes, 115, 116- 117, 120, 122, 123, 125, 126, 129-130 neural circuits, 83, 84-85, 87, 89, 91-93, 101, 105-106 neuron death, 15, 89, 91, 92, 120, 122, 123 259 oxidative stress, 122, 125, 126, 129-131 transplantation strategies, 101 AMP, 118, 121 AMPA, 95, 96, 99 Amygdala, 45 Animal colonies, 5, 56-57, 63, 134-135 Animal research, 5, 8, 20, 134- 135 behavioral interventions, 7, 20, 122 behaviorally impaired animals, 97- 100 estrogen replacement therapy, 97, 100 GluR receptor binding, 95 homeostatic processes, 121, 122, 125, 134-135 imaging, 5, 51, 57, 62, 63 primates, nonhuman, 5, 51, 62, 238-250 neural circuits, 88, 90, 95, 97-100, 101102, 104 neurogenesis, 104, 121 oxidative stress, 130 structural studies, 45, 46 synaptic processes, 88, 90, 97 transgenic models, 18, 20, 94, 99, 118, 134-135, 240, 244, 249 see also Primates, nonhuman Anti-inflammatory agents, 117, 124 Antioxidants, 7-8, 18, 40, 117, 128-129, 130, 134, 191 Read the entire page →
From page 260... ... 260 Apoptosis, 14, 15-17, 18, 19, 114, 119, 120, 122-131, 132 genetic factors, 123 glia, 16, 124-125 intervention strategies, 121; see also Antioxidants neural circuits and, 16, 114 plasticity and, 16, 114, 120, 123 see also Oxidative stress Artificial intelligence, 55, 56 Asians, see Cultural factors Assays, behavioral, 19 ATMs, see Automated teller machines Attention, 9, 33, 35, 190 cultural factors, 224, 225-226 driving motor vehicles, 175- 176 nonneurological diseases and, 195, 196, 197, 201-202, 205 research recommendations, 56, 160 technological aids, 175- 176, 179, 180 Attitudes, 230 decision making, (146.nl) depression, 43-44, 198 motivation, 25, 31, 34, 44, 152 toward technology, 29-30 see also Cultural factors; Emotion; Psychological factors Auditory perception, see Hearing Automated teller machines, 29, 170, 174, 175, 180 Automobiles, see Driving motor vehicles B Bayesian inference, 48 BDNF, see Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Behavioral factors, ix-x, 2, 4, 5, 13, 39-40 animals, behavioral interventions, 7, 20, 122 animals, behaviorally impaired, 97-100 assays, 19 conceptual framework, 9, 10 dynamic factor analysis, 49 homeostatic processes and, 121-122, 134, 135 INDEX interventions, 6-8, 13, 17, 20, 121-122, 134 environmental enrichment, 22-23, 104, 121-122, 134 physical exercise, 4, 7, 8, 37, 50, 104, 121, 134, 191, 194 life experiences, 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 15, 18, 19, 22-23, 25-29, 34 models and, 49-50 multivariate analysis, 52-53 lifestyle, 59, 189, 190-191 alcohol use, 190- 191, 198 physical exercise, 4, 7, 8, 37, 50, 104, 121, 134, 191, 194 smoking, 190, 198 stress, 49, 191, 194, 198 see also Diet memory, 86, 104 models, 47-50, 175-178 regional changes in the brain, 45-46 research recommendations, 3, 4, 5, 1718, 19-20, 35, 51, 52, 55, 56, 61 structure of the mind, 5, 37, 45-47, 4950, 51, 52-53 theory development, 46-47 see also Cultural factors; Psychological factors; Social factors Behavioral science, ix-x, 1, 8-11, 19 conceptual framework, 9- 11 neuroscience and, 19, 22, 46 Biochemical processes, general, 7, 19 behavioral factors, 19, 85 free radicals, 15-16, 17, 114, 123, 125 homeostatic processes, 116, 130 hypertension, 199 interventions, 17- 18; see also Drugs memory loss, 15, 83-85, 87, 88-89, 9294, 97-100 neural circuits, 15, 84, 85, 87-89, 92-99, 101-102, 105 neuroanatomy and, 83-85, 95, 97-100 neurotoxicity, 117, 122, 123, 126, 190, 192 see also Apoptosis; Inflammation; Molecular processes; Oxidative stress; Receptor-mediated processes Read the entire page →
From page 261... ... hypertension, 194-195, 197-199, 200, 201-202, 203 life histories, variations, 38-39 low blood pressure, 200-201 problem-solving processes, 24, 25, 31, 146-151 research recommendations, 2, 3, 4, 5, 17-19, 30-36, 50-53 theory development, 46-47, 146 wisdom, 24, 39, 153-154 see also Cultural factors; Health status; Social factors; specificfunctions (e.g., Attention; Language abilities; Memory) Cognitive science, general, ix-x, 1, 9, 11, 12, 21, 55, 59 conceptual framework, 9- 11 models and theories, 1, 8, 46-50 neuroscience and, 1, 55-56 social factors, 34-35 technological aids, 180- 181 Collaboration across institutes, 5-6, 60, 62-63 Computer technology aids, 29, 48 automated teller machines, 29, 170, 174, 175, 180 databases, 57-61, 89, 94 Connectionist models, 48-49, 124 Control theory, 179 Cortical processes, 15, 45, 88, 116- 117, 246-247 GABA, 84 life experiences and, 22 neural circuits, 84, 86, 88, 91, 92, 93, 95, 104 neurogenesis, 104 Cortisol, 191, 193 Read the entire page →
From page 262... ... head-mounted, 170, 171-172 head-up, 171, 178 three-dimensional sound, 172- 173 variable message signs, 172 DNA, 127, 130-131, 133 free radical damage, 125 TUNEL, 121, 130 Driving motor vehicles, 41, 145, 168- 179 (passim) Drugs antihypertensive agents, 192, 198, 203 an/i-inflammatory agents, 117, 124 estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) Read the entire page →
From page 263... ... , 32, 96-97,100,104,244 Ethnicity, see Race/ethnicity European cultural background, 27,223224,228-229,230,232-233 Executive functions, 52,190,195,196, 201-202,205-206 Exercise, see Physical exercise Eyes, see Visual perception Eye trackers, 170 F FasL, 124,125,131-132 Financial decision processes, 144,145, 147,153,155,158 automated teller machines, 29,170, 174,175,180 fMRI, see Magnetic resonance imaging Free radicals, 15-16,17,114,123,125 Functional magnetic resonance imaging, see Magnetic resonance imaging 263 Funding, 1, 4,5,11,54 animal colonies, 56-57,134-135 caloric restriction studies, 133 clinical trials, 18-19 interdisciplinary research, 4,36,55-56, 62-63 G Glia GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) , 84 GDNF, 102 Gender differences, 32 hypertension, 194 Genetic factors, 9, 15,33,41,123, 191-192 Alzheimer's disease, 15,133 apoptosis, 123 DNA, 121,125,127,130-131,133 gene expression, 19, 84,87,92-93,94, 95,101-102,130-131,133,244, 249 hypertension, 194,195,200,201 intervention strategies, genetic engineering, 100-103,249 learning, 99-100, 191 magnetic resonance imaging and, 244 memory, 191 mRNA, 94,96-97,118 neural circuits, 84,87,92-93,94,95, 99-100 RNA, 118,127; see also "mRNA" supra sensory-motor functions, 191 stem cells, 102-103 transcription, 118,119,120,124 transduction, 41,117-120 transgenic animal models, 18,20,94, 99,118,134-135,240,244,249 apoptosis, 16,124-125 oxidative stress, 124-125 Global changes in the brain, 19, 240,248 depression, 44 Global positioning systems, 169 Glutamate receptors (GluRs) Read the entire page →
From page 264... ... INDEX neurogenesis, 103-105 synaptic processes, 88, 90 Homeostasis, 15-17, 18, 114-143 Alzheimer's disease, 115, 116-117, 120, 122, 123, 125, 126, 129-130 animal research, 121, 122, 125, 134-135 behavioral factors, 121- 122, 134, 135 biochemical processes, general, 116, 130 intervention strategies, 114, 116, 121 122, 134; see also Antioxidants molecular processes, general, 19, 114, 116, 135 neural circuits, 114, 134 neuroanatomy, 125, 130 plasticity, 16, 114, 118-119, 120, 123, 124, 134-135 receptor-mediated processes, 119- 120, 123, 124, 125, 131-133 see also Apoptosis; Inflammation; Oxidative stress Hormones, see Endrocrine system Hypertension, 42-43, 192, 193, 194-201 antihypertensive agents, 192, 198, 203 biochemical processes, general, 199 cognitive functioning and performance, 42-43, 194-195, 197-199, 200, 201-202, 203 cross-sectional studies, 194-195, 199, 200-201 diet and, 194 gender differences, 194 genetic factors, 194, 195, 200, 201 intelligence and, 195 intervention strategies, 192, 198, 200, 203 language abilities and, 195 learning abilities and, 195 longitudinal studies, 195-199 (passim) , 201 memory and, 195, 201-202 sensory-motor functions and, 195, 196, 202 visual impairment, 195, 196, 202 Read the entire page →
From page 265... ... . magnetic resonance 1magmg In evaluation of, 244, 248-249 medical and surgical treatments, 203, 205 neural circuits, 17, 83, 85, 91, 100-105, physical exercise, 4, 7, 8, 37, 50, 104, 121, 134, 191, 194 stem cells, 102-103 transplantation strategies, 100-103 see also Drugs; Technological factors J Judgment, 9, 29, 144-165 heuristic processing, 146- 151 L Language abilities, 1, 8, 38, 45, 56 cultural factors, contextual effects, 225229, 232 defined, 206 hearing, 40-41, 42, 166 aids, 29, 42, 170, 172, 173 hypertension, 195 magnetic resonance imaging, 238-239 regional impacts on brain, 26 speech, 46, 173, 206, 227-228 see also Hearing Learning processes, 31 conceptual framework of study at hand, 9 cultural learning, 218 decision processes, 159 Read the entire page →
From page 266... ... hypertension, 195, 201-202 magnetic resonance imaging, 46, 238 239, 248 medical treatment, memory aids, 171 172, 173 neural circuits, 15, 83- 113 phases of brain aging, 115- 117 receptor-mediated actions, 84, 85, 88, 94-97, 99 regional changes in the brain, 84-86, 89, 91-92 social factors, 24 synaptic processes, 84, 85, 88-89, 94, 95, 97, 98-99 technological aids, 27, 84, 85, 88-89, 94, 95, 97, 98-99, 169, 171-172, 173, 179 theory of working, 46, 48 Microchip technology, see Chip technology Mind, use of the term, 9-10 Minority groups, see Race/ethnicity Mitochondria, 123, 128 Models and modeling, 1, 8, 18, 47-50, 59 adaptive processes, 16, 47-48 behavioral, 49-50, 175- 178 cognitive science, general, 1, 8, 46-47 connectionist, 48-49, 124 interactive interfaces, 175-177, 179 Markov, 48, 176- 177 mathematical, 4, 47-48, 52, 54, 175 Read the entire page →
From page 267... ... INDEX neural circuits/networks, 48, 89 oxidative stress, 126, 127 person-environment fit, 24-25 sensory-motor functions, 41-42 sociocultural, 34 task structure, 2, 9, 10, 24, 31, 37, 181, 231 -232 see also Animal research; Theoretical issues Molecular processes, general, 12-13, 17, 19-20 homeostatic processes, 19, 114, 116, 135 neural circuits, 84, 88-89, 92 regional changes in the brain, 45-46 synaptic, 88-89, 90 see also Genetic factors; Receptormediated processes Monkeys, see Nonhuman primates Motor functions, see Sensory-motor functions Motor vehicles, see Driving motor vehicles mRNA, 94, 96-97, 118 Multidisciplinary research, see Interdisciplinary research Multiple-cue probability learning, 159 Multivariate analysis, 4, 52-53 Myocardial infarction, 192, 202, 205 N National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 19 National Eye Institute, 6, 62-63 National Institute of Mental Health, 6, 62 63 National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 6, 62-63 National Institute on Aging, ix, 1 cognition in context, 3, 30-36 neural health, 2-3, 17-19, 135 research recommendations for, 2-6, 17-19, 30-36, 50-53, 54-63, 135 structure of the aging mind, 3-4, 50-53 technological aids, 26 267 National Science Foundation, 36, 181 N-dimethyl-D-aspartate, see NMDA Nerve growth factor (NGF) , 7, 101 Neural circuits Alzheimer's disease, 83, 84-85, 87, 89, 91-93, 101, 105-106 animal research, 88, 90, 95, 97-100, 101-102, 104 apoptosis, 16, 114 biochemical processes, general, 15, 84, 85, 87-89, 92-99, 101-102, 105 cortex, 84, 86, 88, 91, 92, 93, 95, 104 databases, 89, 94 electrophysical measurements, 84, 85, 89 genetic factors, 84, 87, 92-93, 94, 95, 99-100 homeostatic processes, 114, 134 interdisciplinary research, 89, 97-100 intervention strategies, 17, 83, 85, 91, 100-105, 106 longitudinal studies, 98 memory, 15, 83- 113 models, 48, 89 molecular processes, general, 84, 88-89, 92 neuroanatomy and, 83-89, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97-100, 105 primates, nonhuman, 62, 88, 95, 96, 97, 100, 101, 104 technological factors, 84, 85, 89 see also Neural networks; Synaptic processes Neural health and neural functioning, 2-3, 12-13, 14-20 conceptual framework, 9 indicators, 17-18, 19, 23-24, 30-31, 41, 46-47 interventions, 18-19 research recommendations, 2-3, 12-13, 59, 135 Neural networks, 15, 17, 124, 134 apoptosis, 16 interventions, 2-3, 18-19 models, 48, 116 see also Neural circuits Read the entire page →
From page 268... ... social science and, 22, 34-35 structure of the mind, 3-4 technological aids, 180- 181 Neurotoxicity, 117, 122, 123, 126, 190, 192 NFT, see Neurofibrillary tangles NMDA (N-dimethyl-D-aspartate) , 90, 94 95, 96, 97, 99, 125 Nonhuman primates, 62, 88, 95, 96, 97, 100, 101, 104 Nonprescription drugs, 18 Nutrition, see Diet Nutritional supplements, 18, 129 vitamins, 117, 129-130, 191 o Oxidative stress, 18, 122, 123, 124-128 Alzheimer's disease, 122, 125, 126, 129131 animal research, 130 antioxidants, 7-8, 18, 40, 117, 128-129, 130, 134, 191 models of, 126, 127 see also Antioxidants p Parkinson's disease, 87, 101 Performance, life activities, 9, 30-32 Performance indicators, 2, 17-18, 19, 2324, 30-31, 41 theory development, 46-47 Personality, 2, 24, 59, 225 Personalized interfaces, 174-175 Pharmaceuticals, see Drugs Physical exercise, 4, 7, 8, 37, 50, 104, 121, 134, 191, 194 Pituitary hormones, 191 Read the entire page →
From page 269... ... , 132-133 Regional changes in the brain, 19, 23, 4546 behavioral factors, 45-46 language factors, 26 memory loss, 84-86, 89, 91 -92 see also specific regions see also mRNA S Senile plaques, 117, 122, 124 Sensory-motor functions, 1, 5, 8, 23, 25, 37, 38, 39, 40-42, 44, 52, 87, 116 conceptual framework, 10 defined, 206 driving motor vehicles, 41, 145, 168179 (passim) genetic factors, 191 hearing, 40-41, 42, 166 aids, 29, 42, 170, 172, 173 hypertension, 195, 196, 202 intelligence and decline of, 40-41 magnetic resonance imaging, 238-239 models of, 41-42 multivariate analysis, 52 spatial perception, 98, 168-169, 172173, 195, 202, 206, 246-247 speech, 46, 173, 206, 227-228 technological support for, 29-30, 35, 42, 167, 168-181 walking, 168-169 see also Visual perception Sex-based differences, see Gender differences Signal transduction, see Transduction Smoking, 190, 198 Social factors, 22, 25-26, 27, 31, 34-35, 144-145, 228-229 adaptive processes, 11, 24-25 conceptual framework, 9, 11, 13 decision making, (146.nl) Read the entire page →
From page 270... ... , 170-173, 178 driving motor vehicles, 168- 179 (passim) electron microscopy, 19, 88, 90 electrophysical techniques, 17- 18, 19, 44-45, 52, 61-62, 243, 248 hearing aids, 29, 42, 170, 172, 173 interfaces, 174-177, 179; see also "automated teller machines" supra Markov models, 48 memory aids, 27, 84, 85, 88-89, 94, 95, 97, 98-99, 169, 171-172, 173, 179 miniaturization, 168, 169, 170, 180 neural circuits and memory, 84, 85, 89 positron emission tomography, 44-45 professional training about aids, 27, 167, 181 research recommendations, 3, 12, 30, 35-36, 55, 177- 178, 179- 181 sensory-motor functions, general, 29 30, 35, 42, 167, 168-181 three-dimensional sound, 172- 173 time perception, 154- 155 visual perception, 166, 168-169, 170, 172-173, 177 walking, 168-169 see also Imaging data Theoretical issues, 1, 4, 8, 58 adaptive processes, 47 cognitive functions and performance, 46-47, 146 cognitive science, general, 1, 8, 46-47 conceptual framework, 9- 11 control theory, 179 culturally bound theories, 225, 228-229 cultural psychology, 219-221, 225, 233 decision processes, 146- 155 (passim) Read the entire page →
From page 271... ... 191 Vitamin C, 191 Vitamin E, 117, 129-130 Voice, see Speech W Walking, technological aids, 168-169 Wisdom, 24, 39, 153-154 see also Judgment Read the entire page →

From page 259...

... Index A Adaptive processes, 2, 3, 10-11, 23-25, 26, 30-32, 34, 56 cultural, 220 glia, 16 mathematical models, 47-48 neural network models, 16 technological aids, general, 5, 11, 2930, 35, 63, 166-188, see Technological factors for specific subcategories theory, 47 Adenosine monophosphate, see AMP Affect, see Attitudes; Emotion African Americans, 26, 27, 33, 192, 194 Alcohol use, 190-191, 198 Alzheimer's disease, 2, 14, 15 anti-inflammatory drugs, 124 CREB levels, 118 genetic factors, 15, 133 hippocampus, 84-85, 89, 91, 92 homeostatic processes, 115, 116- 117, 120, 122, 123, 125, 126, 129-130 neural circuits, 83, 84-85, 87, 89, 91-93, 101, 105-106 neuron death, 15, 89, 91, 92, 120, 122, 123 259 oxidative stress, 122, 125, 126, 129-131 transplantation strategies, 101 AMP, 118, 121 AMPA, 95, 96, 99 Amygdala, 45 Animal colonies, 5, 56-57, 63, 134-135 Animal research, 5, 8, 20, 134- 135 behavioral interventions, 7, 20, 122 behaviorally impaired animals, 97- 100 estrogen replacement therapy, 97, 100 GluR receptor binding, 95 homeostatic processes, 121, 122, 125, 134-135 imaging, 5, 51, 57, 62, 63 primates, nonhuman, 5, 51, 62, 238-250 neural circuits, 88, 90, 95, 97-100, 101102, 104 neurogenesis, 104, 121 oxidative stress, 130 structural studies, 45, 46 synaptic processes, 88, 90, 97 transgenic models, 18, 20, 94, 99, 118, 134-135, 240, 244, 249 see also Primates, nonhuman Anti-inflammatory agents, 117, 124 Antioxidants, 7-8, 18, 40, 117, 128-129, 130, 134, 191

Read the entire page →

From page 260...

... 260 Apoptosis, 14, 15-17, 18, 19, 114, 119, 120, 122-131, 132 genetic factors, 123 glia, 16, 124-125 intervention strategies, 121; see also Antioxidants neural circuits and, 16, 114 plasticity and, 16, 114, 120, 123 see also Oxidative stress Artificial intelligence, 55, 56 Asians, see Cultural factors Assays, behavioral, 19 ATMs, see Automated teller machines Attention, 9, 33, 35, 190 cultural factors, 224, 225-226 driving motor vehicles, 175- 176 nonneurological diseases and, 195, 196, 197, 201-202, 205 research recommendations, 56, 160 technological aids, 175- 176, 179, 180 Attitudes, 230 decision making, (146.nl) depression, 43-44, 198 motivation, 25, 31, 34, 44, 152 toward technology, 29-30 see also Cultural factors; Emotion; Psychological factors Auditory perception, see Hearing Automated teller machines, 29, 170, 174, 175, 180 Automobiles, see Driving motor vehicles B Bayesian inference, 48 BDNF, see Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Behavioral factors, ix-x, 2, 4, 5, 13, 39-40 animals, behavioral interventions, 7, 20, 122 animals, behaviorally impaired, 97-100 assays, 19 conceptual framework, 9, 10 dynamic factor analysis, 49 homeostatic processes and, 121-122, 134, 135 INDEX interventions, 6-8, 13, 17, 20, 121-122, 134 environmental enrichment, 22-23, 104, 121-122, 134 physical exercise, 4, 7, 8, 37, 50, 104, 121, 134, 191, 194 life experiences, 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 15, 18, 19, 22-23, 25-29, 34 models and, 49-50 multivariate analysis, 52-53 lifestyle, 59, 189, 190-191 alcohol use, 190- 191, 198 physical exercise, 4, 7, 8, 37, 50, 104, 121, 134, 191, 194 smoking, 190, 198 stress, 49, 191, 194, 198 see also Diet memory, 86, 104 models, 47-50, 175-178 regional changes in the brain, 45-46 research recommendations, 3, 4, 5, 1718, 19-20, 35, 51, 52, 55, 56, 61 structure of the mind, 5, 37, 45-47, 4950, 51, 52-53 theory development, 46-47 see also Cultural factors; Psychological factors; Social factors Behavioral science, ix-x, 1, 8-11, 19 conceptual framework, 9- 11 neuroscience and, 19, 22, 46 Biochemical processes, general, 7, 19 behavioral factors, 19, 85 free radicals, 15-16, 17, 114, 123, 125 homeostatic processes, 116, 130 hypertension, 199 interventions, 17- 18; see also Drugs memory loss, 15, 83-85, 87, 88-89, 9294, 97-100 neural circuits, 15, 84, 85, 87-89, 92-99, 101-102, 105 neuroanatomy and, 83-85, 95, 97-100 neurotoxicity, 117, 122, 123, 126, 190, 192 see also Apoptosis; Inflammation; Molecular processes; Oxidative stress; Receptor-mediated processes

Read the entire page →

From page 261...

... hypertension, 194-195, 197-199, 200, 201-202, 203 life histories, variations, 38-39 low blood pressure, 200-201 problem-solving processes, 24, 25, 31, 146-151 research recommendations, 2, 3, 4, 5, 17-19, 30-36, 50-53 theory development, 46-47, 146 wisdom, 24, 39, 153-154 see also Cultural factors; Health status; Social factors; specificfunctions (e.g., Attention; Language abilities; Memory) Cognitive science, general, ix-x, 1, 9, 11, 12, 21, 55, 59 conceptual framework, 9- 11 models and theories, 1, 8, 46-50 neuroscience and, 1, 55-56 social factors, 34-35 technological aids, 180- 181 Collaboration across institutes, 5-6, 60, 62-63 Computer technology aids, 29, 48 automated teller machines, 29, 170, 174, 175, 180 databases, 57-61, 89, 94 Connectionist models, 48-49, 124 Control theory, 179 Cortical processes, 15, 45, 88, 116- 117, 246-247 GABA, 84 life experiences and, 22 neural circuits, 84, 86, 88, 91, 92, 93, 95, 104 neurogenesis, 104 Cortisol, 191, 193

Read the entire page →

From page 262...

... head-mounted, 170, 171-172 head-up, 171, 178 three-dimensional sound, 172- 173 variable message signs, 172 DNA, 127, 130-131, 133 free radical damage, 125 TUNEL, 121, 130 Driving motor vehicles, 41, 145, 168- 179 (passim) Drugs antihypertensive agents, 192, 198, 203 an/i-inflammatory agents, 117, 124 estrogen replacement therapy (ERT)

Read the entire page →

From page 263...

... , 32, 96-97,100,104,244 Ethnicity, see Race/ethnicity European cultural background, 27,223224,228-229,230,232-233 Executive functions, 52,190,195,196, 201-202,205-206 Exercise, see Physical exercise Eyes, see Visual perception Eye trackers, 170 F FasL, 124,125,131-132 Financial decision processes, 144,145, 147,153,155,158 automated teller machines, 29,170, 174,175,180 fMRI, see Magnetic resonance imaging Free radicals, 15-16,17,114,123,125 Functional magnetic resonance imaging, see Magnetic resonance imaging 263 Funding, 1, 4,5,11,54 animal colonies, 56-57,134-135 caloric restriction studies, 133 clinical trials, 18-19 interdisciplinary research, 4,36,55-56, 62-63 G Glia GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) , 84 GDNF, 102 Gender differences, 32 hypertension, 194 Genetic factors, 9, 15,33,41,123, 191-192 Alzheimer's disease, 15,133 apoptosis, 123 DNA, 121,125,127,130-131,133 gene expression, 19, 84,87,92-93,94, 95,101-102,130-131,133,244, 249 hypertension, 194,195,200,201 intervention strategies, genetic engineering, 100-103,249 learning, 99-100, 191 magnetic resonance imaging and, 244 memory, 191 mRNA, 94,96-97,118 neural circuits, 84,87,92-93,94,95, 99-100 RNA, 118,127; see also "mRNA" supra sensory-motor functions, 191 stem cells, 102-103 transcription, 118,119,120,124 transduction, 41,117-120 transgenic animal models, 18,20,94, 99,118,134-135,240,244,249 apoptosis, 16,124-125 oxidative stress, 124-125 Global changes in the brain, 19, 240,248 depression, 44 Global positioning systems, 169 Glutamate receptors (GluRs)

Read the entire page →

From page 264...

... INDEX neurogenesis, 103-105 synaptic processes, 88, 90 Homeostasis, 15-17, 18, 114-143 Alzheimer's disease, 115, 116-117, 120, 122, 123, 125, 126, 129-130 animal research, 121, 122, 125, 134-135 behavioral factors, 121- 122, 134, 135 biochemical processes, general, 116, 130 intervention strategies, 114, 116, 121 122, 134; see also Antioxidants molecular processes, general, 19, 114, 116, 135 neural circuits, 114, 134 neuroanatomy, 125, 130 plasticity, 16, 114, 118-119, 120, 123, 124, 134-135 receptor-mediated processes, 119- 120, 123, 124, 125, 131-133 see also Apoptosis; Inflammation; Oxidative stress Hormones, see Endrocrine system Hypertension, 42-43, 192, 193, 194-201 antihypertensive agents, 192, 198, 203 biochemical processes, general, 199 cognitive functioning and performance, 42-43, 194-195, 197-199, 200, 201-202, 203 cross-sectional studies, 194-195, 199, 200-201 diet and, 194 gender differences, 194 genetic factors, 194, 195, 200, 201 intelligence and, 195 intervention strategies, 192, 198, 200, 203 language abilities and, 195 learning abilities and, 195 longitudinal studies, 195-199 (passim) , 201 memory and, 195, 201-202 sensory-motor functions and, 195, 196, 202 visual impairment, 195, 196, 202

Read the entire page →

From page 265...

... . magnetic resonance 1magmg In evaluation of, 244, 248-249 medical and surgical treatments, 203, 205 neural circuits, 17, 83, 85, 91, 100-105, physical exercise, 4, 7, 8, 37, 50, 104, 121, 134, 191, 194 stem cells, 102-103 transplantation strategies, 100-103 see also Drugs; Technological factors J Judgment, 9, 29, 144-165 heuristic processing, 146- 151 L Language abilities, 1, 8, 38, 45, 56 cultural factors, contextual effects, 225229, 232 defined, 206 hearing, 40-41, 42, 166 aids, 29, 42, 170, 172, 173 hypertension, 195 magnetic resonance imaging, 238-239 regional impacts on brain, 26 speech, 46, 173, 206, 227-228 see also Hearing Learning processes, 31 conceptual framework of study at hand, 9 cultural learning, 218 decision processes, 159

Read the entire page →

From page 266...

... hypertension, 195, 201-202 magnetic resonance imaging, 46, 238 239, 248 medical treatment, memory aids, 171 172, 173 neural circuits, 15, 83- 113 phases of brain aging, 115- 117 receptor-mediated actions, 84, 85, 88, 94-97, 99 regional changes in the brain, 84-86, 89, 91-92 social factors, 24 synaptic processes, 84, 85, 88-89, 94, 95, 97, 98-99 technological aids, 27, 84, 85, 88-89, 94, 95, 97, 98-99, 169, 171-172, 173, 179 theory of working, 46, 48 Microchip technology, see Chip technology Mind, use of the term, 9-10 Minority groups, see Race/ethnicity Mitochondria, 123, 128 Models and modeling, 1, 8, 18, 47-50, 59 adaptive processes, 16, 47-48 behavioral, 49-50, 175- 178 cognitive science, general, 1, 8, 46-47 connectionist, 48-49, 124 interactive interfaces, 175-177, 179 Markov, 48, 176- 177 mathematical, 4, 47-48, 52, 54, 175

Read the entire page →

From page 267...

... INDEX neural circuits/networks, 48, 89 oxidative stress, 126, 127 person-environment fit, 24-25 sensory-motor functions, 41-42 sociocultural, 34 task structure, 2, 9, 10, 24, 31, 37, 181, 231 -232 see also Animal research; Theoretical issues Molecular processes, general, 12-13, 17, 19-20 homeostatic processes, 19, 114, 116, 135 neural circuits, 84, 88-89, 92 regional changes in the brain, 45-46 synaptic, 88-89, 90 see also Genetic factors; Receptormediated processes Monkeys, see Nonhuman primates Motor functions, see Sensory-motor functions Motor vehicles, see Driving motor vehicles mRNA, 94, 96-97, 118 Multidisciplinary research, see Interdisciplinary research Multiple-cue probability learning, 159 Multivariate analysis, 4, 52-53 Myocardial infarction, 192, 202, 205 N National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 19 National Eye Institute, 6, 62-63 National Institute of Mental Health, 6, 62 63 National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 6, 62-63 National Institute on Aging, ix, 1 cognition in context, 3, 30-36 neural health, 2-3, 17-19, 135 research recommendations for, 2-6, 17-19, 30-36, 50-53, 54-63, 135 structure of the aging mind, 3-4, 50-53 technological aids, 26 267 National Science Foundation, 36, 181 N-dimethyl-D-aspartate, see NMDA Nerve growth factor (NGF) , 7, 101 Neural circuits Alzheimer's disease, 83, 84-85, 87, 89, 91-93, 101, 105-106 animal research, 88, 90, 95, 97-100, 101-102, 104 apoptosis, 16, 114 biochemical processes, general, 15, 84, 85, 87-89, 92-99, 101-102, 105 cortex, 84, 86, 88, 91, 92, 93, 95, 104 databases, 89, 94 electrophysical measurements, 84, 85, 89 genetic factors, 84, 87, 92-93, 94, 95, 99-100 homeostatic processes, 114, 134 interdisciplinary research, 89, 97-100 intervention strategies, 17, 83, 85, 91, 100-105, 106 longitudinal studies, 98 memory, 15, 83- 113 models, 48, 89 molecular processes, general, 84, 88-89, 92 neuroanatomy and, 83-89, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97-100, 105 primates, nonhuman, 62, 88, 95, 96, 97, 100, 101, 104 technological factors, 84, 85, 89 see also Neural networks; Synaptic processes Neural health and neural functioning, 2-3, 12-13, 14-20 conceptual framework, 9 indicators, 17-18, 19, 23-24, 30-31, 41, 46-47 interventions, 18-19 research recommendations, 2-3, 12-13, 59, 135 Neural networks, 15, 17, 124, 134 apoptosis, 16 interventions, 2-3, 18-19 models, 48, 116 see also Neural circuits

Read the entire page →

From page 268...

... social science and, 22, 34-35 structure of the mind, 3-4 technological aids, 180- 181 Neurotoxicity, 117, 122, 123, 126, 190, 192 NFT, see Neurofibrillary tangles NMDA (N-dimethyl-D-aspartate) , 90, 94 95, 96, 97, 99, 125 Nonhuman primates, 62, 88, 95, 96, 97, 100, 101, 104 Nonprescription drugs, 18 Nutrition, see Diet Nutritional supplements, 18, 129 vitamins, 117, 129-130, 191 o Oxidative stress, 18, 122, 123, 124-128 Alzheimer's disease, 122, 125, 126, 129131 animal research, 130 antioxidants, 7-8, 18, 40, 117, 128-129, 130, 134, 191 models of, 126, 127 see also Antioxidants p Parkinson's disease, 87, 101 Performance, life activities, 9, 30-32 Performance indicators, 2, 17-18, 19, 2324, 30-31, 41 theory development, 46-47 Personality, 2, 24, 59, 225 Personalized interfaces, 174-175 Pharmaceuticals, see Drugs Physical exercise, 4, 7, 8, 37, 50, 104, 121, 134, 191, 194 Pituitary hormones, 191

Read the entire page →

From page 269...

... , 132-133 Regional changes in the brain, 19, 23, 4546 behavioral factors, 45-46 language factors, 26 memory loss, 84-86, 89, 91 -92 see also specific regions see also mRNA S Senile plaques, 117, 122, 124 Sensory-motor functions, 1, 5, 8, 23, 25, 37, 38, 39, 40-42, 44, 52, 87, 116 conceptual framework, 10 defined, 206 driving motor vehicles, 41, 145, 168179 (passim) genetic factors, 191 hearing, 40-41, 42, 166 aids, 29, 42, 170, 172, 173 hypertension, 195, 196, 202 intelligence and decline of, 40-41 magnetic resonance imaging, 238-239 models of, 41-42 multivariate analysis, 52 spatial perception, 98, 168-169, 172173, 195, 202, 206, 246-247 speech, 46, 173, 206, 227-228 technological support for, 29-30, 35, 42, 167, 168-181 walking, 168-169 see also Visual perception Sex-based differences, see Gender differences Signal transduction, see Transduction Smoking, 190, 198 Social factors, 22, 25-26, 27, 31, 34-35, 144-145, 228-229 adaptive processes, 11, 24-25 conceptual framework, 9, 11, 13 decision making, (146.nl)

Read the entire page →

From page 270...

... , 170-173, 178 driving motor vehicles, 168- 179 (passim) electron microscopy, 19, 88, 90 electrophysical techniques, 17- 18, 19, 44-45, 52, 61-62, 243, 248 hearing aids, 29, 42, 170, 172, 173 interfaces, 174-177, 179; see also "automated teller machines" supra Markov models, 48 memory aids, 27, 84, 85, 88-89, 94, 95, 97, 98-99, 169, 171-172, 173, 179 miniaturization, 168, 169, 170, 180 neural circuits and memory, 84, 85, 89 positron emission tomography, 44-45 professional training about aids, 27, 167, 181 research recommendations, 3, 12, 30, 35-36, 55, 177- 178, 179- 181 sensory-motor functions, general, 29 30, 35, 42, 167, 168-181 three-dimensional sound, 172- 173 time perception, 154- 155 visual perception, 166, 168-169, 170, 172-173, 177 walking, 168-169 see also Imaging data Theoretical issues, 1, 4, 8, 58 adaptive processes, 47 cognitive functions and performance, 46-47, 146 cognitive science, general, 1, 8, 46-47 conceptual framework, 9- 11 control theory, 179 culturally bound theories, 225, 228-229 cultural psychology, 219-221, 225, 233 decision processes, 146- 155 (passim)

Read the entire page →

From page 271...

... 191 Vitamin C, 191 Vitamin E, 117, 129-130 Voice, see Speech W Walking, technological aids, 168-169 Wisdom, 24, 39, 153-154 see also Judgment

Read the entire page →

← Previous Chapter Skim

This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More information on Chapter Skim is available.

Index Pages 259-271

Index
Pages 259-271